Systems and methods of selection acknowledgement for interfaces promoting obfuscation of user operations

ABSTRACT

Techniques for obfuscating user selections during user-input of sensitive information, involving displaying targets, such as keys of a virtual keyboard, on a display device, where each target corresponds to one of multiple options. A visual indication for a current user target can move to a first target in response to a first input event at a first time, and the first target can be actuated in response to a second input event for actuation of the current user target at a second time. An obfuscation system is configured to present to a user, at approximately the second time, a discriminatory signal used to confirm actuation of a target. The discriminatory signal includes one of a haptic signal generated by a device in physical contact with the user, an audio signal, and a modified image.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priorityfrom U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/409,763 (entitled “SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS FOR IDENTIFYING USER-OPERATED FEATURES OF INPUT INTERFACESOBFUSCATING USER NAVIGATION” and filed on May 10, 2019), Ser. No.16/409,765 (entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INPUT INTERFACES PROMOTINGOBFUSCATION OF USER NAVIGATION AND SELECTIONS” and filed on May 10,2019), Ser. No. 16/409,766 (entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOROBFUSCATING USER SELECTIONS” and filed on May 10, 2019), Ser. No.16/409,769 (entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF SELECTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFOR INTERFACES PROMOTING OBFUSCATION OF USER OPERATIONS” and filed onMay 10, 2019), Ser. No. 16/409,770 (entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOROBFUSCATING USER NAVIGATION AND SELECTIONS DIRECTED BY FREE-FORM INPUT”and filed on May 10, 2019), and Ser. No. 16/409,773 (entitled “SYSTEMSAND METHODS FOR OBSCURING TOUCH INPUTS TO INTERFACES PROMOTINGOBFUSCATION OF USER SELECTIONS” and filed on May 10, 2019), each ofwhich each of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentireties.

BACKGROUND

Passwords are often used by systems as one step toward authenticating auser's access to a protected resource. Typically, a password includes asequence of alphanumeric symbols known to both the user who isrequesting access to the protected resource as well as to the systemthat has been configured to authenticate the user and grant the useraccess to the protected resource. Some examples of protected resourcesinclude a bank account accessed at a public automatic teller machine(ATM), personal digital files or electronic content, the contents of alocked cellular phone, access to a particular website, an email accountaccessed on a public computer, or an online service (for example,Netflix™ or Facebook™).

The level of security of the protected resource will depend heavily onthe assurance that the user (or others who have a legitimate right tothe resource) is the only one in possession of the password grantingaccess. When an ‘outsider’ or third party that is not approved for suchaccess identifies the password, they may damage or otherwise takeadvantage of the protected resource. Users often find themselves insituations where simply entering a password into a device is risky inthat other parties may be observing the input. In such cases, thesecurity of the resource may have to be reestablished by invalidatingthe compromised password. Users are forced to reinitiate the passwordauthentication process and memorize a new password. Thus, there remainsignificant areas for new and improved ideas for the more effective andcomprehensive protection of passwords.

SUMMARY

A system adapted to obfuscate a user target actuation, in accord with afirst aspect of this disclosure, includes a processor andmachine-readable media including instructions which, when executed bythe processor, cause the processor to concurrently display a firstplurality of targets including a first target and a second target, andto move a first visual indication of the current user target to thefirst target at a first time to reflect a change of the current usertarget to the first target in response to a first input event forselection of a current user target. The instructions also cause theprocessor to actuate the current user target at a second time after thefirst time in response to a second input event for actuation of thecurrent user target, and to present to a user, at approximately thesecond time, a discriminatory signal used to confirm actuation of atarget, where the discriminatory signal includes one of a haptic signalgenerated by a device in physical contact with the user, an audiosignal, and a modified image. Finally, the instructions cause theprocessor to move the first visual indication to the second target at athird time after the second time to reflect a change of the current usertarget to the second target in response to a third user input forselection of a current user target.

A method, in accord with a second aspect of this disclosure, includesconcurrently displaying a first plurality of targets including a firsttarget and a second target, as well as moving a first visual indicationof the current user target to the first target at a first time toreflect a change of the current user target to the first target inresponse to a first input event for selection of a current user target.The method also includes actuating the current user target at a secondtime after the first time in response to a second input event foractuation of the current user target, and presenting to a user, atapproximately the second time, a discriminatory signal used to confirmactuation of a target, where the discriminatory signal includes one of ahaptic signal generated by a device in physical contact with the user,an audio signal, and a modified image. Furthermore, the method includesmoving the first visual indication to the second target at a third timeafter the second time to reflect a change of the current user target tothe second target in response to a third user input for selection of acurrent user target.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore,the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solveany or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawing figures depict one or more implementations in accord withthe present teachings, by way of example only, not by way of limitation.In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same or similarelements. Furthermore, it should be understood that the drawings are notnecessarily to scale.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a first user positioned near a displaydevice while using an implementation of an obfuscation system;

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate examples of different user interfacesconfigured to display selectable targets for a user;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a user submitting sensitive data via animplementation of an obfuscation system;

FIGS. 4A and 4B each illustrate an isolated view of an implementation ofan input mechanism portion of a physical device;

FIGS. 5A-5E illustrate a sequence in which an overview of a navigationalprocess is presented, where one or more destination targets for acurrent target are available;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a first process for entering a passwordusing an implementation of an obfuscation system;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a second process for entering apassword using an implementation of an obfuscation system;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a change of targets associated withdifferent input modes for an interface;

FIGS. 9A-9F are a sequence providing an introduction to animplementation of an obfuscation system;

FIG. 10 illustrates a second interface in which the current user targetand current distractor targets are depicted over a period of time;

FIG. 11 illustrates an example in which an obfuscation system operatesaccording to four states;

FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate an example of two patterns that may occurduring a trial navigation assessment;

FIG. 12C illustrates an example of possible navigation for a currentdistractor target in response to a detection of a trial navigationassessment;

FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 13C illustrate an example of navigation of a currentdistractor target configured to respond to user navigation bymaintaining a distance from the current user target;

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate examples of user navigation sequences usedto generate one or more virtual navigation models;

FIGS. 14C and 14D illustrate examples in which the generated virtualnavigation models are applied to generate sequences of virtualnavigation commands;

FIGS. 15A-15E illustrate an example in which multiple actions forrespective modes of a target are concurrently displayed on an interfacevia transitions through different modes and navigation of a current usertarget and current distractor targets during each mode;

FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate two examples of a current target thatundergoes “splitting” when navigating;

FIG. 16C illustrates an example of multiple current targets merging;

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a second user positioned near atouchscreen display device while using an implementation of anobfuscation system;

FIG. 18A illustrates an example of the input interface in an initialstate;

FIG. 18B illustrates an example of the input interface once a user hasmade contact with the touchscreen display;

FIG. 19A illustrates an example of a third interface in which the inputinterface is in the initial state;

FIG. 19B illustrates an example of the third interface in a state inwhich a user is beginning to engage with the input interface;

FIG. 19C illustrates an example of the forces being applied to the thirdinterface;

FIG. 19D illustrates an example where additional force is applied to afirst navigation input element and generates a navigation command;

FIGS. 20A-20F illustrate an example of a sequence in which a userengages with an input interface of a fourth interface that is configuredto receive navigation commands by ‘rolling’ of a thumb past thresholdsassociated with quadrants on the touchscreen display;

FIGS. 20G and 20H illustrate an implementation of an obfuscation systemin which user commands are generated by tapping a handheld computingdevice;

FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate an example of degrees of input affectingspeed during navigation;

FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate an example of a user performing navigationby providing a continuous directional input;

FIGS. 23A-23J illustrate an example of a sequence in which a pointer ismoved along a path on a seventh interface over multiple points in time;

FIG. 24 illustrates an example in which a user submits sensitive datavia an implementation of an obfuscation system with user commands foractuation and submission;

FIG. 25 illustrates various characteristics frequently observed withhuman pointer operation;

FIG. 26 illustrates an example in which an obfuscation system operatesaccording to five states;

FIG. 27A illustrates an example in which an input interface isconfigured to move a user pointer to a new position no longercorresponding to a point at which it entered the user interface in orderto confuse an observer;

FIGS. 27B-27D illustrate an example in which the user pointer is “split”into multiple pointers to obfuscate the position and movements of theuser pointer;

FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate an example of trial navigation assessmentpatterns which can be detected and synthesized by an implementation ofan obfuscation system;

FIGS. 29A-29C illustrate examples of techniques that include detectingcertain features of user pointer movement and generating distractorpointer paths accordingly;

FIG. 30 illustrates an example of a model training system for generatingmachine trained models;

FIG. 31 illustrates an example of selected portions of an obfuscationsystem that may apply one or more models produced as described in FIG.30;

FIGS. 32A-32C illustrate an example of a mechanism by which inputtinguser can distinguish between their own current user target and those ofthe current distractor targets;

FIGS. 33A and 33B illustrate an example of a visual discriminatorysignal being presented by an obfuscation system while a display deviceis at two different distances from a user;

FIGS. 34A-34E present examples of haptic and auditory discriminatorysignals provided in combination with a visual indictor for a currentuser target;

FIGS. 35A and 35B illustrate an example of a haptic signal beingprovided via a smartwatch concurrently with presentation of a visualindicator;

FIGS. 36A and 36B illustrate an example of a haptic signal beingprovided via a handheld computing device concurrently with presentationof a visual indicator;

FIGS. 37A and 37B illustrate an example of a haptic signal beingprovided via a remote input device concurrently with presentation of avisual indicator;

FIGS. 38A-38C illustrate an example of an audio signal being providedvia a speaker concurrently with presentation of a visual indicator;

FIGS. 39A and 39B illustrate an example in which a user is permitted toinstruct the obfuscation system as to which current target is to be usedas the current user target;

FIGS. 40A-40B, 41 and 42 illustrate various examples in which thevisual, haptic, and/or audio signals described in FIGS. 33A, 33B, and35A-38B are employed to provide feedback for target selections that willnot be detected by an observer;

FIGS. 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, and 49 present flow charts illustratingimplementations of various example processes for obfuscating user inputusing any of the features herein described;

FIG. 50 is a block diagram illustrating an example softwarearchitecture, various portions of which may be used in conjunction withvarious hardware architectures herein described, which may implement anyof the features herein described; and

FIG. 51 is a block diagram illustrating components of an example machineconfigured to read instructions from a machine-readable medium andperform any of the features described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding ofthe relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent that the presentteachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances,well known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have beendescribed at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoidunnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings. In thefollowing material, indications of direction, such as “top” or “left,”are merely to provide a frame of reference during the followingdiscussion, and are not intended to indicate a required, desired, orintended orientation of the described articles.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a first user 110 positioned near afirst display device 120. The display device 120 in FIG. 1 is alarge-screen television. However, in other implementations, the displaydevice can include any type of display component for a computing deviceor system, including devices having a wide range of form factors, suchas but not limited to a display for a desktop or laptop computer, atablet, mobile phone, gaming systems or game-pads, or any other systemin which a display is provided or integrated. In differentimplementations, the display device 120 is communicatively coupled to acomputing device, as will be described further below. In one example,the computing device can include a system configured to operate variousapplications or execute instructions that cause presentation of variousinterfaces on the display.

The first display device 120 in this case presents a first graphicaluser interface (“first interface”) 130 that is configured to permit thefirst user to input sensitive information for use by the computingdevice or associated systems. In some implementations, the firstinterface 130 can present one or more options for selection by a user.Through and/or in response to user input events (which may be referredto as “user input” and/or “input events”) generated by the first user110, such as via a remote input device 140, interacts with, and providescommands and/or receives feedback from, the first interface 130.However, it should be understood that in other implementations, thefirst user 110 may be able to interact more directly with the firstinterface 130 via a touchscreen of the display device, for example. Inaddition, for purposes of illustration, a first observer 150 is alsopresent and able to view the first interface 130 while the first user110 is selecting various options from the first interface 130. However,by virtue of the techniques described herein, the first user 110 is ableto reliably and securely select from the options presented without theobserver 150 being able to discern which options have been selected bythe first user 110. As a result, the first user 110 is able to proceedwith actions (such as entering a password) in settings that previouslywould have been difficult or socially and personally uncomfortable orundesirable. As will be discussed, the proposed implementations canconfound potential observers by providing a means of obfuscating theuser inputs.

In order to provide the reader with a better appreciation of theproposed systems and methods, FIGS. 2A-8 illustrate a series of possibleinput mechanisms and interfaces that may be provided to a user. FIG. 2Aillustrates an isolated view of a second user interface (“secondinterface”) 210 comprising a GUI configured to display selectabletargets for a user as well as facilities for navigating among thetargets. In this case the second interface 210 provides a virtualkeyboard, allowing a user to perform alphanumeric input through thetargets. Specifically, the second interface 210 can be understood toinclude and concurrently display a first plurality of targets 220.Furthermore, the virtual keyboard of FIG. 2A includes a first targettype that is associated with a character such as a number or letter orsymbol (e.g., 0-9, A-Z, other symbols), as well as a second target typethat is associated with an action that will be performed followingactuation of that target. As an illustration, a first target 222 (here,“1”) is identified for the reader which is of the first target type. Inaddition, a second target 224 (here, an option to select lowercasecharacters via the second interface 210) is identified for the readerwhich is of the second target type. For purposes of reference, a firstaxis 280 substantially parallel to a vertical axis is depicted, alongwith a second axis 290 that is substantially orthogonal to the firstaxis. As a general matter, the targets provided by the second interface210 are arranged in rows that are substantially parallel to the secondaxis 290. In some examples, the targets may also or alternatively bealigned to the first axis 280.

The disclosed implementations can incorporate any of the features,components, methods, systems, software, and other aspects described inU.S. Patent Application Publication Numbers 2018/0173417 (entitled“FACILITATING SELECTION OF HOLOGRAPHIC KEYBOARD KEYS” and published onAug. 2, 2018), 2017/0364261 (entitled “HOLOGRAPHIC KEYBOARD DISPLAY” andpublished on Jan. 25, 2018), 2009/0048020 (entitled “EFFICIENT TEXTINPUT FOR GAME CONTROLLERS AND HANDHLD DEVICES” and published on Feb.19, 2009), 2008/0320410 (entitled “VIRTUAL KEYBOARD TEXT REPLICATION”and published on Dec. 25, 2008), and 2008/0303793 (entitled “On-screenkeyboard” and published on Dec. 11, 2008), each of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

Referring next to FIG. 2B, a different interface is shown for purposesof comparison. FIG. 2B illustrates an isolated view of a third userinterface (“third interface”) 230 comprising a GUI also configured toconcurrently display selectable targets for a user. However, in thiscase the third interface 230 provides a virtual input mechanism for theentry of numeric information, such as a PIN. Specifically, the thirdinterface 230 can be understood to include a second plurality of targets240. Furthermore, the virtual input mechanism of FIG. 2B also includestargets of the first target type that are associated with analphanumeric character, similar to FIG. 2A. In this case the thirdtarget type includes numbers (i.e., 0-9) as well as targets of thesecond target type associated with an action that will be performedfollowing actuation of that target. As an illustration, a third target242 (here, “3”) is identified for the reader, which is of the firsttarget type. In addition, a fourth target 244 (here, an option toindicate that the entry of the sensitive input is complete and submitthe sensitive input to the system) is identified for the reader which isof the second target type. In some implementations, such submission maybe performed in response to a specific user input event, such asactuation of a submit button. It can be observed that the arrangement ofthe second plurality of targets 240 differs from the arrangement in rowsshown in FIG. 2A, and is instead configured radially, or in a circularpattern. In other words, the various input mechanisms provided by aninterface can vary widely and can include both regular (e.g., patterns)or irregular arrangements of targets.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example in which a user 305 submits sensitive datavia an obfuscation system 300 configured to apply techniques describedherein. The user 305 interacts with an input device 315 by performingone or more physical action(s) 310, resulting in one or morecorresponding input event(s) 320 being generated by the input device315. An input event interpreter 326 included in the obfuscation system300 generates one or more user command(s) 330 corresponding to the inputevent(s) 320 received from the input device 315. FIG. 3 illustratesthree examples of the user command(s) 330: a navigation command 332, anactuate command 334, and a submit command 336. In some implementations,the obfuscation system 300 is configured to perform the operationsdescribed for the submit command 336 in response to receiving anactuation command 334. The navigation command 332 instructs theobfuscation system 300 to move a current user target 350 to a differentone of the targets 360. In response to receiving the navigation command332, a current user target selector 340 included in the obfuscationsystem 300 moves the current user target to a destination target for thecurrent user target 350 identified by a destination target identifier355 and corresponding to the receive navigation command 332. An inputinterface may be updated accordingly. In response to receiving theactuation command 334, a target actuator 355 included in the obfuscationsystem 300 executes a target action 352 associated with the current usertarget 350. In some examples, the target action 352 corresponds toperforming a selection of a target option 354 associated with thecurrent user target 350, resulting in a selected option 365. Forexample, the letter “I” may be a target option associated with the firsttarget 222 in FIG. 2A, with actuation of the first target 222 resultingin a selection option of the letter “I.” In some implementations, theselected option 365 may be appended or otherwise added to a series ofaccumulated options 370. In response to receiving the submit command336, a sensitive user input processor 375 receives and operates on theselected option 365 and/or the accumulated options 370.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an isolated view of an implementation of aninput mechanism portion 400 of a physical device. In other words,physical actions performed by a user via such a device can generateinput events for a computing device. In some implementations, thephysical device can be integrated with the computing device, while inother implementations, the physical device may be remote relative to thecomputing device. In this case, the input mechanism portion 400comprises a plurality of mechanical buttons 410, including a firstbutton 412 (“UP”), a second button 414 (“DOWN”), a third button 416(“LEFT”), and a fourth button 418 (“RIGHT”), as well as a central button420 (“SEL” or “SELECT”). In some implementations, additional buttons maybe provided for submission of the input, such as a fifth button 430(“DONE” or “SUBMIT”).

In FIG. 4B, for purposes of clarity, additional details are providedregarding the buttons provided by input mechanism portion 400 of FIG. 4Awith reference to a reference chart 450. The reference chart 440includes a first column 492, a second column 494, and a third column496, where the first column 492 presents a listing with each of thebuttons, the second column 494 presents the input event corresponding tothe depicted button, and the third column 496 presents the specific usercommand for the input event. Referring to the first column 492, thefirst button 412 (labeled with an UP arrow) can be seen to correspond toa first input event 442 (“direction up”) presented in the second column494, that is recognized as a first user command 472 (“NAV1”), as shownin the third column 496. In addition, the second button 414 (labeledwith a DOWN arrow) corresponds to a second input event 444 (“directiondown”) that is recognized as a second user command 474 (“NAV2”). Thethird button 416 (labeled with a LEFT arrow) corresponds to a thirdinput event 446 (“direction left”) that is recognized as a third usercommand 476 (“NAV3”). Furthermore, the fourth button 418 (labeled with aRIGHT arrow) corresponds to a fourth input event 448 (“direction right”)that is recognized as a fourth user command 478 (“NAV4”). The fifthbutton 420 (labeled “SEL”) corresponds to a fifth input event 450(“select”) that is recognized as a fifth user command 480 (“actuate”,shown as “ACT”, which may be referred to as an “actuation command”). Thesixth button 430 (labeled “DONE”) corresponds to a sixth input event 460(“done”) that is recognized as a sixth user command 490 (“submit”, shownas “SUB”, which may be referred to as a “submit command”). In differentimplementations, the user commands NAV1, NAV2, NAV3, and NAV4 are alsoreferred to as “navigation commands”, the effect of which will bedescribed in greater detail below.

Referring now to FIGS. 5A-5E, an overview of a navigational process inwhich one or more destination targets for a current target are availablewill be introduced to the reader. In FIG. 5A, an isolated view of afirst portion 570 of the second interface 210 is depicted in which afirst set of targets 510 are presented, including a first target 500which in this case corresponds to a current target 590. The first set oftargets 510 further includes a first destination target 502, a seconddestination target 504, a third destination target 506, and a fourthdestination target 508. In other words, in some implementations, thecurrent target 500 has a plurality of destination targets that eachcorrespond to a respective navigation command. In this example, thefirst navigation command NAV1, resulting from use of the up or firstbutton 412 of FIG. 4B, corresponds to the first destination target 502(here labeled as “R”), which is positioned directly above and adjacentto the current target 500. Similarly, the second navigation commandNAV2, resulting from use of the down or second button 414 of FIG. 4B,corresponds to the second destination target 504 (here labeled as “X”),which is positioned directly below and adjacent to the current target500, and the third navigation command NAV3, resulting from use of theleft or third button 416 of FIG. 4B, corresponds to the thirddestination target 506 (here labeled as “D”), which is positioneddirectly leftward of and adjacent to the current target 500. Finally,the fourth navigation command NAV4, resulting from use of the right orfourth button 418 of FIG. 4B, corresponds to the fourth destinationtarget 508 (here labeled as “G”), which is positioned directly rightwardand adjacent to the current target 500.

In FIG. 5B, a different, breakaway second portion 572 of the secondinterface 210 is depicted in which another arrangement of destinationtargets are shown with reference to a second set of targets 530. In thiscase, the current target 590 is represented by a second target 520 (herelabeled as “0”). The current target 590 is again associated with aplurality of destination targets. Similar to FIG. 5A, the secondnavigation command NAV2, resulting from use of the down or second button414 of FIG. 4B, corresponds to a second destination target 524, and thethird navigation command NAV3, resulting from the use of the left orthird button 416 of FIG. 4B, corresponds to a third destination target526, both being directly adjacent to the current target 590. However, incontrast to the arrangement of FIG. 5A, the first navigation commandNAV1, resulting from use of the up or first button 412 of FIG. 4B, nowcorresponds to a first destination target 522 (here identified by aBackspace symbol) that is positioned at a distance from the currenttarget 590, and the fourth navigation command NAV4, resulting from useof the right or fourth button 418 of FIG. 4B, corresponds to a fourthdestination target 528 that is also spaced apart from the current target590. In other words, in different implementations, ‘peripheral targets’or targets that are disposed along an outermost portion or region of theinterface can be associated with distant destination targets. This canoccur when destination targets are configured as a ‘wrap around’ of thevirtual keyboard, such that navigation from a current target located ona periphery will lead to or be associated with destination targetsdisposed on an opposing side of the virtual keyboard, giving the user ashorter path between certain combinations of targets as well as a senseof continuity. However, it should be understood that such an arrangementis a design choice, and in some implementations, the design can beconfigured to limit the current target in this case to only two targetsthat are directly adjacent to the current target.

The subsequent FIGS. 5C and 5D depict another possible navigationalarrangement in which previous user commands may factor in adetermination of one or more destination targets for a current target.In FIGS. 5C and 5D, an isolated view of a third portion 574 of thesecond interface is shown, comprising a third set of targets 580 and thecurrent target 590 is a third target 540 (here associated with a targetmodification action, labeled as “ÀÁÂ”). Again, one or more destinationtargets corresponding to respective navigation commands may beidentified for the current target 590. In FIGS. 5C and 5D, and similarto FIG. 5A, the third navigation command NAV3, resulting from the use ofthe left or third button 416 of FIG. 4B, corresponds to a thirddestination target 542, and the fourth navigation command NAV4,resulting from use of the right or fourth button 418 of FIG. 4B,corresponds to a fourth destination target 544, where both of these aredirectly adjacent to the current target 590.

In addition, similar to the arrangement of FIG. 5B, the current target590, being disposed along a periphery of the keyboard, is alsoassociated with destination targets that follow a ‘wrap-around’ pattern.However, in this case, it can be seen that the third target 540 is alarger-sized target relative to previously identified targets. Morespecifically, the third target 540 has a width along the second axis 290that encompasses or extends across the widths of two columns of othertargets, including a first column 582 and a second column 584. In someimplementations, a determination of which destination targets shouldoccur or be selected in response to the first navigation command NAV1and the second navigation command NAV2 from such a larger target isbased on one or more previous navigation commands (which may be referredto as a “previous navigation history” or “travel”) that led to theresult where the third target 540 as the current target 590.

In FIG. 5C, the current target 590 navigated to the third target 540according to a first previous sequence of navigation commands 592,represented by broken-lined arrows from a fourth target 550 to a fifthtarget 552 and next to the third target 540, indicating that the currenttarget 590 arrived to the third target 540 from a target in the firstcolumn 582. As a result, an upward or return navigation (e.g., inresponse to first navigation command NAV1, such as from use of the up orfirst button 412 of FIG. 4B) will also follow a path back toward or‘into’ the first column 582. Thus, a target in the first column 582provides a first destination target 552 (“Z”) that will be selected inresponse to the first navigation command NAV1. Similarly, for a downwardor forward navigation (e.g., in response to second navigation commandNAV2, such as from use of the down or second button 414 of FIG. 4B) a‘wrap around’ will proceed to a target in the first column 582. Thus, asecond destination target 554 (“3”) will be selected in response to thesecond navigation command NAV2.

In contrast, as shown in FIG. 5D, if the current target 590 navigated tothe third target 540 according to a second previous sequence of userinput events 594, represented by broken-lined arrows from a sixth target520 to a seventh target 562 and next to the third target 540, indicatingthat the current target 590 arrived to the third target 540 from atarget in the second column 584. As a result, an upward or returnnavigation will also follow a path back toward or ‘into’ the secondcolumn 584. Thus, a target in the first column 584 provides a seconddestination target 562 (“X”) that will be selected in response to thefirst navigation command NAV1. Similarly, for a downward or forwardnavigation a ‘wrap around’ will proceed to a target in the second column584. Thus, a second destination target 564 (“4”) will be selected inresponse to the second navigation command NAV2.

FIG. 5E illustrates an example of a possible navigational pattern forthe third interface 230 of FIG. 2B. In FIG. 5E, the second plurality oftargets 240 include a generally circular arrangement. Thus, as a usermoves between targets, the direction can be accorded a “clockwise”direction 532 and a “counterclockwise” direction 534. In this case, theuser command NAV4 results in transitioning between targets along theclockwise direction 532, while a user command NAV3 results intransitioning between targets along the counterclockwise direction 532.As a result, from a target 250 (“2”) the destination target 242associated with NAV4 is located to the right of the target 250, whereasfrom a target 252 (“5”) the destination target 254 associated with NAV4is located below the target 252. In addition, from a target 256 (“8”)the destination target 258 associated with NAV4 is located to the leftof the target 256, and from a target 260 (“undo”) the destination target244 associated with NAV4 is located to above the target 260.

With reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, we return more directly to processes ofa navigating to and actuating desired targets to select a sequence ofassociated options (which may be referred to as “selections”); in thisexample, to enter a password for a system. FIG. 6 illustrates an exampleof a first process 600, and FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a secondprocess 700. In FIG. 6, an isolated view of a fourth portion 610 of thesecond interface, including a fourth set of targets 616. In this case,the current target 590 is represented by a first target 612 (“T”). Indifferent implementations, the current target 590 can be readilyidentified by the presentation of a visual indicator (which may bereferred to as a “visual indication”) that may be overlaid or otherwiseassociated with the current target 590. Although a first visualindication (“first indication”) 620 is shown as a shading of the regionassociated with the region corresponding to the current target 590, inother implementations, any other type of visual effects may be used,including but not limited to variations in shape, color, style, size,formatting, border patterns, position relative to other targets,brightness, or any other visual effect. A visual indication such as thefirst visual indication 620 may also be referred to as a “focusindication,” and a current target identified with a focus indication maybe referred to as a “focus target” or “focused target.” In someexamples, there may be multiple concurrent current targets displayedwith respective focus indications, allowing current targets to bereadily distinguished from other targets by their visual appearances.

With reference to the first process 600, at a first stage 660 the fourthportion 610 is as shown, and a first user command 630 is received. Inresponse, referring to a second stage 662, the current target 590 shiftsto a second target 614 (“R”). In addition, the first indicator 620 isremoved from the first target 612 and is applied to the second target614 to reflect the change of the current target 590 to the second target614. When a second user command 632 (the actuate command ACT) isreceived in which the user requests the current target to be added tothe sequence of inputs entered thus far, the system can in someimplementations respond by presentation of a signal that provides theuser with confirmation that the selected character has been added and/orthat second user command 632 has been received. An example of this isshown in an optional third stage 664, where the second target 614 isdepicted with a flashing sequence. In other words, at a first time T1the “R” is associated with the first indication 620, and at a subsequentsecond time T2, a second visual indication 622 is briefly displayed,followed by a return to the first indication 620 at a next third timeT3. As will be discussed later, other techniques may be performed toconfirm the second user command 632.

Finally, in a fourth stage 666, in response to the second user command632 and the resulting action performed for the second target 614, acharacter 640 (“R”) associated with the second target 614 (which may bereferred to as a “selection option” or a “selection”) is appended to afirst accumulated selection sequence 652 (which may be referred to as“accumulated options”) recorded and maintained in a memory 650 ofpreviously entered characters (if any), resulting in the memory 650storing a new second accumulated selection sequence 654. In an optionalfifth stage 668, in some implementations, placeholder symbols can beused to reflect the entry of characters. For example, a masking displayregion 670 (that may be part of the user interface) may be shown inwhich a first masked sequence 672 is displayed for the first accumulatedselection sequence 652 at a fourth time T4, followed by a presentationat a fifth time T5 of a (longer) second masked sequence 674 for the newsecond accumulated selection sequence 654 when the character 640 isselected.

An example of an additional or subsequent input is shown with referenceto FIG. 7. In this case, the current target 590 remains the secondtarget 614 (“R”), and accordingly is visually identified by the firstindication 620 during a sixth stage 760. Following two navigationcommands (first navigation command 730 and second navigation command732), a seventh stage 762 results in which the current target 590 shiftsto a third target 712 (“F”) and then next to a fourth target 714 (“D”).The first indication 620 is removed from the second target 614, may beapplied briefly to the third target 712, and then is applied to thefourth target 714. As noted earlier, if a fifth user command 734 (“ACT”)is received in which the user requests the current target 590 to beactuated, causing an associated character 740 (“D”) added to thesequence of selections made thus far, the system can in someimplementations respond by presentation of a signal that provides theuser with confirmation that the selected character has been added and/orthat fifth user command 734 has been received. An example of this isshown in an optional eighth stage 764, where the fourth target 714 isdepicted with a flashing sequence as described for the third stage 664.In other words, at a sixth time T6 the “D” is associated with the firstindication 620, and at a subsequent seventh time T7, the second visualindication 622 is briefly displayed, followed by a return to the firstindication 620 at an eighth time T8.

In a ninth stage 766, in response to the fifth user command 734 and theresulting action performed for the fourth target 714, the character 740associated with the fourth target 714 is appended to the (previouslynew) second accumulated selection sequence 654 recorded in the memory650, resulting in a new or updated third accumulated selection sequence752. Finally, in a tenth stage 768, in response to a sixth user command736 (the submit command SUB), the updated accumulated sequence 752 isprovided to a sensitive user input processor 770. In someimplementations, the second interface 210 is then removed or no longerdisplayed. In some implementations, the sensitive user input processor770 is configured invoke a predetermined function in response to theaccumulated sequence 752 meeting a prescribed condition.

Referring next to FIG. 8, an example of a change of targets ispresented. In a first mode 810, the second interface 210 presents thefirst plurality of targets 220 as previously depicted in FIG. 2A. In asecond mode 820, the second interface 210 presents a second plurality oftargets 840, and in a third mode 830, the second interface presents athird plurality of targets 850. Each of the modes presents a differentset of options to the user. In some implementations, the secondplurality of targets 840 and third plurality of targets 850 offer new ordifferent targets than first plurality of targets 220, while in someother implementations, the actions associated with each of the firstplurality of targets 220 are simply re-mapped to new sets of actions,including offering new sets of options for the user to select.

In different implementations, while displaying the second interface 210in the first mode 810, actuation of a first transition target 860 cantransition the second interface 210 to the second mode 820. Similarly,actuation of a second transition target 862 can transition the secondinterface 210 to the third mode 830. In addition, while displaying thesecond interface 210 in the second mode 820, actuation of a thirdtransition target 864 can transition the second interface 210 back tothe first mode 810. Similarly, actuation of a fourth transition target866 can transition the second interface 210 to the third mode 830.Finally, while displaying the second interface 210 in the third mode830, actuation of a fifth transition target 868 can transition thesecond interface 210 back to the first mode 810. Similarly, actuation ofa fourth transition target 866 can transition the second interface 210to the third mode 830. In some implementations, a user input device,such as the remote input device 140 shown in FIG. 1, may offer a meansof input (for example, an additional button) for changing between modes(for example, between the first mode 810 providing uppercase characteroptions and the second mode 820 providing lowercase character options).

FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, and 9F provide an introduction to animplementation of an obfuscation system. In FIG. 9A, the secondinterface 210 is again shown, including a current user target 910(corresponding to a first target 940 “D”) and current distractor target920 (corresponding to a second target 942 “J”), where each target isdenoted by or otherwise associated with a first visual indication 930and a second visual indication 932. In different implementations, thevisual indications associated with the user targets and the distractortargets may be similar or may differ. It should be understood that thepresentation of “D” and “J” as current targets is for purposes ofillustration only, and the initial ‘current’ targets can be generatedand/or chosen by a randomized process. In this example, the user seeksto enter a sequence of characters B-L-U-E as sensitive information beingsubmitted via second interface 210. While the user navigates to thenecessary targets, the current distractor target 920 will also move fromtarget to target. This can serve as a simulation of navigation by auser, resulting in an obfuscation of whether it is the current usertarget 910 or the current distractor target 920 that is actuallyassociated with the user's interaction with the second interface 210, aswill be illustrated now with reference to FIGS. 9B-9F.

In FIG. 9B, the user has navigated from the first target 940 to a thirdtarget 944 (“B”, now corresponding to the current user target 910)through a series of five navigation commands. During that same period oftime, the first current distractor target 920 has simulated fivenavigation commands, resulting in the current distractor target 920being moved from the second target 942 to a fourth target 946 (“E”).Then, the user submits an actuation command resulting in the character“B” being added to a memory for an accumulated sequence of characters,similar to the memory 650 described in FIGS. 6 and 7. In someimplementations, the actuation command results in visual feedback of theuser's selection being displayed, much as described in the third stage664 of FIG. 6. In such implementations, at the same time, the fourthtarget 946 is also associated with a visual feedback similar to thatdescribed in the third stage 664 of FIG. 6. As a result, an observer isunable to determine whether the user selected the character “B” or thecharacter “E”.

Similarly, in FIG. 9C, the user has navigated from the third target 944to a fifth target 948 (“L”, now corresponding to the current user target910) through a series of four navigation commands. During that sameperiod of time, the current distractor target 920 has simulated fournavigation commands, resulting in the current distractor target 920being moved from the fourth target 946 to a sixth target 950 (“X”).Then, the user submits an actuation command resulting in the character“L” being added to a memory for an accumulated sequence of characters.As noted earlier, in some implementations, visual feedback of the user'sselection is also displayed along with a visual feedback for thedistractor's ‘selection’ of the sixth target 950. As a result, anobserver is unable to determine whether the user selected the character“L” or the character “X”.

In FIG. 9D, the user has navigated from the fifth target 948 to aseventh target 952 (“U”, now corresponding to the current user target910) through a series of three navigation commands. During that sameperiod of time, the current distractor target 920 has simulated threenavigation commands, resulting in the current distractor target 920being moved from the sixth target 950 to an eighth target 954 (“H”).Then, the user submits an actuation command resulting in the character“U” being added to a memory for an accumulated sequence of characters.As noted earlier, in some implementations, visual feedback of the user'sselection is also displayed along with a visual feedback for thedistractor's ‘selection’ of the eighth target 954. As a result, anobserver is unable to determine whether the user selected the character“U” or the character “H”.

Finally, in FIG. 9E, the user has navigated from the seventh target 952to a ninth target 956 (“E”, now corresponding to the current user target910) through a series of four navigation commands. During that sameperiod of time, the current distractor target 920 has simulated fournavigation commands, resulting in the current distractor target 920being moved from the eighth target 954 to a tenth target 958 (“8”).Then, the user submits an actuation command resulting in the character“E” being added to a memory for an accumulated sequence of characters.As noted earlier, in some implementations, visual feedback of the user'sselection is also displayed along with a visual feedback for thedistractor's ‘selection’ of the tenth target 958. As a result, anobserver is unable to determine whether the user selected the character“E” or the character “8”. As shown in FIGS. 9A-9E, the obfuscationsystem has caused the current user target 910 and its respective firstvisual indication 930 to move, over the shown period of time, through afirst subset of the displayed targets to enter user selections oftargets. Also as shown in FIGS. 9A-9E, the obfuscation system has causedthe first current distractor target 920 and its respective second visualindication 932 to move, over the same period of time, through a secondsubset of the displayed targets in a manner that is different from thecurrent user target 910 and its respective first visual indication 930moving through the first subset of the displayed targets.

In addition, as described for the tenth stage 768 in FIG. 7, the usercan then submit an actuation command resulting in the accumulatedsequence of characters “BLUE” being submitted as the sensitiveinformation. An example of a possible system response is depicted inFIG. 9F, where the first user 110 is informed of a successful log-inevent via a message 960, while the observer 150 remains ignorant of thecontent of the sensitive information.

In some implementations, the simulated navigation of the distractor canoccur at varying speeds and/or patterns. In FIG. 10, the secondinterface 210 is presented, including a current user target 1010(corresponding to a first target 1020 “6”), a first current distractortarget 1012 (corresponding to a second target 1022 “D”), and a secondcurrent distractor target 1014 (corresponding to a third target 1024“K”). In this case, each of the targets are associated with visualindications. For example, the current user target 1010 includes a firstvisual indication 1030 (represented as a circle overlaid on or aroundthe target area), the first current distractor target 1012 includes asecond visual indication 1032 (represented as a square overlaid on oraround the target area), and the second current distractor target 1014includes a third visual indication 1034 (represented as a diamondoverlaid on or around the target area). In other implementations, thevisual indications may be the same. In different implementations, theselection of initial current targets may be a random process. Inaddition, in some implementations, the visual indications may berandomly assigned or generated for each of the current targets. Forexample, in FIG. 10, the (initial) current user target 1010 is “6” whilein FIG. 9A the (initial) current user target 910 was “D”. Similarly, theinitial current distractor targets can be randomly selected for eachuser input session.

Referring back to FIGS. 9A-9E, it should be understood that in someimplementations, a current distractor target can perform virtualcommands simulating user commands synchronously with the user commandsreceived from the actual user. However, in other implementations, asreflected in FIG. 10, current distractor targets may operateasynchronously, in which their associated virtual commands are performedat times and/or with speeds different from those of the user commands.In the example shown in FIG. 10, over a 30 second period of time (see atime axis 1040), the user performs 17 user commands 1016 including fouractuation commands corresponding to characters 1018 “B”, “L”, “U”, and“E”, much as described earlier. The first current distractor target 1012on the other hand, during that same interval of time, performs 36virtual commands 1026 including seven virtual actuation commands forletters 1028 “W”, “E”, “L”, “C”, “O”, “M”, and “E”. In other words, thefirst current distractor target appears to be performing commands at ahigher speed than the user. In contrast, the second current distractortarget 1014, during the same interval of time, performs seven virtualcommands 1036 including two virtual actuation commands for characters1038 “8” and “T”. During much of FIG. 10, the second current distractortarget 1014 is maintained at a target while first current distractortarget 1012 makes multiple movements. In other words, the second currentdistractor target appears to be performing commands at a lower speedthan the user. In different implementations, the speeds may be assignedby a random process to each distractor, and/or the speeds for a specificdistractor target may also vary over the performance interval. Althoughfor convenience of illustration the user commands 1016 and the virtualcommands 1026 and 1036 have been depicted as being performed at constantrates, it is understood that they may increase or decrease throughoutthe interval. Thus, by operating at varying or differing speeds, thesystem can further confound the efforts of an observer to keep track ofthe navigation and selections being performed by each of the currenttargets.

In different implementations, the obfuscation system may be configuredto pre-select a series of targets to be actuated in advance by a currentdistractor target. In the example of FIG. 10, for the first currentdistractor target 1012, the sequence “WELCOME” was pre-selected. In someimplementations, such pre-selections may be generated in whole or inpart using a dictionary, such as a dictionary of frequently usedpasswords. By using sequences of characters that resemble actualpasswords, the obfuscation becomes more robust against an observer thatmanages to successfully keep track of the selections performed formultiple current targets. In addition, in some implementations, theobfuscation system may pre-generate a navigation path for a distractor.These various options may be selected or combined in different ways tofurther reduce the predictability of the current distractor targets.

In some implementations, the obfuscation system may operate according toa plurality of states (which may be referred to as “operating states”).FIG. 11 illustrates an example in which an obfuscation system operatesaccording to four states, including a first state 1110, a second state1120, a third state 1130, and a fourth state 1140. The first state 1110(labeled “START”), which may be referred to a “start state” correspondsto when an input interface is initially presented to a user. Theobfuscation system, while in this start state 1110, may perform certainoperations and/or set certain parameters that result in useful behaviorwhen the user first starts interacting with an input interface. FIG. 11illustrates two transitions 1112 and 1114 from the start state 1110 toother states. In some implementations, a timer may be used to determinewhen the obfuscation system may transition out of the start state 1110.If, after the timer has expired, the pointer is making little to nomovement, the transition 1112 occurs from the start state 1110 to thesecond state 1120, which may be referred to as an “idle state”. On theother hand, if more significant pointer movement is occurring at theexpiration of the timer, the obfuscation system instead makes thetransition 1114 from the start state 1110 to the third state 1130.

In the idle state 1120 (labeled “IDLE”), there is a transition 1122 tothe third state 1130, which occurs when the pointer has performed athreshold amount of movement within a specified period of time. Atransition 1132 from the third state 1140 back to the idle state 1120can also occur if, for example, the pointer is making little to nomovement after a timer has expired (i.e., once the pointer has failed toperform a threshold amount of movement within a period of time). Thethird state 1130 (labeled “TARGET NAVIGATION”) corresponds to a state inwhich the obfuscation system has not yet determined whether the pointeris engaged in trial navigation corresponding to the fourth state 1140.FIG. 11 also illustrates a transition 1134 from the third state 1130 tothe fourth state 1140, which occurs when the obfuscation system, basedon recent pointer movement, classifies that movement as being performedfor a trial navigation assessment. As will be discussed below, in someimplementations, such classifications may be performed with the aid ofone or more machine-trained models.

In the fourth state 1140 (labeled “TRIAL NAVIGATION”), the obfuscationsystem has determined that a user is engaged in a trial navigationassessment and is configured to move one or more distractor pointersaccording to synthetic trial navigation assessments. In someimplementations, the synthetic trial navigation assessments result inthe pointer moving in a manner that is distinct from the movements beingperformed by the user to facilitate the user quickly and correctlyidentifying the user pointer from among multiple pointers. As shown inFIG. 11, a transition 1142 may occur from the fourth state 1140 to theidle state 1120. In some examples, this may occur once the pointer hasfailed to perform a threshold amount of movement within a period oftime. Finally, in some implementations, a transition 1144 may occur fromthe fourth state 1140 to the third state 1130. In some examples, thetransition 1144 may occur in response to the obfuscation system nolonger classifying pointer movement as corresponding to a trialnavigation assessment, determines that the user pointer is stillactively moving, but is unable to classify the user pointer movement astarget navigation behavior.

It is understood that although four states are shown in FIG. 11 andcertain conditions for transitioning between the illustrated states aredescribed here and elsewhere in this disclosure, the techniquesdescribed herein are not limited to the number of states shown, theactivities performed in each of those states, and the various conditionsused to transition between states. In some implementations, as describedor suggested for some of the above states, one or more machine-trainedmodels may be applied the obfuscation system to identify circumstancesin which the obfuscation system will transition from a current state toa different state.

With the current user target and one or more current distractor targetsbeing placed at random initial positions and, where different visualindications are applied, with randomly assigned visual indictors, a userwill likely be uncertain as to which of the current targets correspondsto the user or is the current user target. Many users, when faced withthis situation, will perform a trial navigation assessment to observewhich current target moves according to which navigation commandssubmitted by the user. These trial navigation assessments often follow anumber of common patterns, including but not limited an alternatingbetween two neighboring targets. FIG. 12A shows one such example inwhich, as part of a trial navigation assessment, a current user target1210 alternates back and forth (or left and right) between a firsttarget 1220 and a second target 1222 in accordance with trial navigationcommands 1230, 1232, and 1234, over a period of time represented bytimes T0, T1, T2, and T3. Similarly, in a second example presented inFIG. 12B, as part of another trial navigation assessment, a current usertarget 1212 alternates up and down between a first target 1224 and asecond target 1226 in accordance with trial navigation commands 1236 and1238, over a period of time represented by times T5, T6, T7.

In some implementations, the obfuscation system may be configured toidentify when a user is performing a trial navigation assessment basedon detection of a current user target immediately returning to itsprevious target location without an intervening actuation command,particularly when this is observed at a beginning or initial stage ofthe user input process. For example, with reference to FIG. 12A, at thetime T1 the current user target 1210 moves from the first target 1220 tothe second target 1222. Then, at time T2, the current user target 1210returns to the first target 1220 that was its previous location. Inresponse to this, the obfuscation system may determine that the user isperforming a trial navigation assessment and, as a result, may beconfigured to navigate any current distractor targets in a manner thatallows the user to more quickly distinguish them from the current usertarget 1210.

One example of such navigation in response to a detection of a trialnavigation assessment is shown in FIG. 12C for a current distractortarget 1240. Four scenarios including a first scenario 1250, a secondscenario 1252, a third scenario 1254, and a fourth scenario 1256 areshown in FIG. 12C. In each of the three scenarios 1250, 1252, and 1254the current distractor target 1240 has navigated from a fifth target1260 to a sixth target 1262 at the time T1. In the first scenario 1250,the sixth target 1262 is above the fifth target 1260; in the secondscenario 1252, the sixth target 1262 is below the fifth target 1260; andin the third scenario 1254, the sixth target 1262 is to the left of thefifth target 1260. In the fourth scenario 1256 the current distractortarget 1240 has navigated from a seventh target 1264 to a sixth target1262 at the time T1, with the sixth target 1262 being to the right ofthe seventh target 1264. In response to the detection of the userperforming the trial navigation assessment at the time T2, the currentdistractor target 1240 begins performing a simulated trial navigationprocedure by also alternating its position between the fifth target 1260and the sixth target 1262 as shown in FIG. 12C for times T2 and T3 forthe first scenario 1250, second scenario 1252, and third scenario 1254.However, in the fourth scenario 1256, the current distractor target 1240will not be distinguishable from the current user target 1210 if itsimply returns to its starting position at the seventh target 1264.Instead, for the fourth scenario 1256, at the time T2, the currentdistractor target 1240 begins to follow the movement patterns shown forthe first scenario 1250, second scenario 1252, and third scenario 1254.From that point, as long as the user continues to alternate theirposition between two targets, the current distractor target 1240 will aswell, as shown for the time T3 and at the time T4 when the virtualprocedure returns to the arrangement shown for the time T2. Thus,regardless of the last virtual navigation performed by the currentdistractor target 1240, it will also appear to be performing trialnavigation assessment but in a manner that does not correspond to thenavigation commands being submitted by the user, allowing the user tovery quickly identify which of the current targets is the real currentuser target 1210.

Navigation of a current distractor target can respond to user navigationin various other ways. FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 13C illustrate one suchexample in which, while a user is traveling to an option, the currentdistractor target is navigated to maintain a distance from the currentuser target. FIG. 13A illustrates an initial state of the sequence oftarget positions in which a current user target 1310 is at a firsttarget 1330 (“D”) and a current distractor target 1320 is at a secondtarget 1340 (“9”). In this particular example, navigation of the currentdistractor target 1320 is controlled according to a first algorithm inwhich the first plurality of targets 220 of the second interface 210 aredivided into four separate quadrants 1302, 1304, 1306, and 1308. Asshown in FIG. 13A, an upper left quadrant 1302 includes ten targets, anupper right quadrant 1304 also has ten targets (including second target1340), a lower left quadrant 1306 includes eleven targets (includingfirst target 1330), and a lower right quadrant 1308 includes twelvetargets. The first algorithm is configured to, in response to thecurrent user target 1310 navigating from one quadrant into a differentquadrant, navigate the current distractor target 1320 to a diagonallyopposite quadrant. For example, in FIG. 13A, the current user target1310 and the current distractor target 1320 are already in diagonallyopposing quadrants 1306 and 1304. As a result, the current distractortarget 1320 may be navigated according to an additional algorithm due tothe condition sought by the first algorithm being satisfied.

In FIG. 13B, the current user target 1310 navigates to a third target1332, resulting in the current user target 1310 moving from the thirdquadrant 1304 into the first quadrant 1302. Due to this, the conditionsought by the first algorithm is no longer satisfied, and as a result,navigation of the current distractor target 1320 will proceed accordingto the first algorithm toward the fourth quadrant 1308 diagonallyopposite to the first quadrant 1302. This cannot be performed in asingle step, so in FIG. 13B, the current distractor target 1320 movesdownward toward the fourth quadrant 1308 into a fourth target 1342.

In FIG. 13C, the current user target 1310 navigates to a fifth target1334, and remains in the first quadrant 1302. As the condition sought bythe first algorithm is still not satisfied, navigation of the currentdistractor target 1320 continues according to the first algorithm,resulting in the current distractor target 1320 again navigatingdownward to a sixth target 1344. This results in the current distractortarget 1320 now being in the fourth quadrant 1308, thereby satisfyingthe conditions sought by the first algorithm.

It is understood the first algorithm shown with reference to FIGS.13A-13C is one of many possible algorithms that may be used in responseto user navigation. Navigation of distractor targets can proceedaccording to combinations of algorithms, and/or the algorithms can varyover time.

In some implementations, the obfuscation system is configured to applyone or more virtual navigation models generated based on observed andmeasured human navigation behavior, resulting in synthesized navigationof current distractor targets that is consistent with human navigation.FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate examples of user navigation sequences usedto generate one or more virtual navigation models and FIGS. 14C and 14Dillustrate examples in which the generated virtual navigation models areapplied to generate sequences of virtual navigation commands and, insome examples, also determine timings for those virtual navigationcommands. Referring first to FIG. 14A, a user is shown submitting afirst sequence of user commands used to navigate from a first target1412 (“W”) to a second target 1414 (“J”). The user commands include afirst selection command 1422 followed by a sequence of six navigationcommands 1424, which are then followed by a second selection command1426, which collectively will be referred to as a first user pattern1420 which then may be used for producing one or more of the navigationmodels. Similarly, in FIG. 14B, a user is shown submitting a different,second sequence of user commands used to navigate from a third target1416 (“P”) to a fourth target 1418 (“1”), in this case as a result of awrap-around mechanism (see FIG. 5B). The user commands in this caseinclude a third selection command 1432, followed by a sequence of twouser commands 1434, which are then followed by a fourth user command1436, which collectively will be referred to as a second user pattern1430 and can be used to produce one or more navigation models. In someimplementations, two or more user patterns can be used by the system togenerate a navigation model. It is noted that the virtual navigationmodels may be generated based on observation of patterns for a specific(one) user or for a group of users (multiple patterns from many users).In some implementations, a generalized navigation model may be producedfrom a large number of user patterns collected from a large number ofusers. In addition, in some implementations, there may be a userspecific navigation model generated based on the patterns observed foran individual user. The user specific model may be incomplete incomparison to the generalized navigation model and accordingly appliedonly in instances where a useful model has been generated for a specificcircumstance or scenario.

FIGS. 14C and 14D illustrate examples in which one or more navigationmodels generated based on the first user pattern 1420 and the seconduser pattern 1430 of FIGS. 14A and 14B are applied for navigating acurrent distractor target. In FIG. 14C, the obfuscation system hasidentified a fifth target 1452 (“M”) as an endpoint target 1442.Initially the current distractor target 1440 is at a sixth target 1450(“F”). Based on the current distractor target 1440 and the endpointtarget 1442 application of a navigation model produces a virtualnavigation sequence 1470 that follows the overall navigation pattern ofthe first user pattern 1420 (i.e., a first horizontal distance of thevirtual navigation sequence 1470 matches a second horizontal distance ofthe first user pattern 1420 and a first vertical distance of the virtualnavigation sequence 1470 matches a second vertical distance of the firstuser pattern 1420), even while the pattern as a whole is offset relativeto the first user pattern 1420. In other words, the virtual navigationsequence 1470 follows the same sequence of movements as the first userpattern 1420. In some implementations, as shown by the example of FIG.14C, the current distractor target 1440 may operate asynchronously asdiscussed previously with reference to FIG. 10. For example, the virtualnavigation sequence 1470 moves at a rate that is faster than the rate atwhich the first user pattern 1420. Thus, over a period of time T2 acurrent user target 1444 navigates five steps or commands to move from aseventh target 1454 (“Q”) to an eighth target 1456 (“4”), while thecurrent distractor target 1440 performed seven commands. Additionally,the seven commands are performed within a period of time T2 that is onlyabout 60% of a corresponding period of time T1 for the first userpattern 1420. Durations between individual commands observed from thefirst user pattern 1420 may be used and scaled according to a desiredspeed for the current distractor target 1440.

Referring next to FIG. 14D the obfuscation system has identified a ninthtarget 1460 (“1”) as an endpoint target 1472. Initially the currentdistractor target 1440 is at a tenth target 1458 (“P”). Based on thecurrent distractor target 1440 and the endpoint target 1472 applicationof a navigation model produces a virtual navigation sequence 1480 thatfollows the same navigation pattern of the second user pattern 1430,such that they each have the same initial target and the same endpointtarget. In other words, the virtual navigation sequence 1480 follows thesame sequence of movements as the second user pattern 1430 that occursover the same targets and at same rate or over the same time period(i.e., the two are synchronous).

With reference to the multiple modes for the second interface 210described previously in FIG. 8, in different implementations, it can beof great benefit to concurrently display multiple actions for respectivemodes of a target. This avoids a change in the mode signaling to anobserver the position current user target. In FIG. 15A, an isolated viewof a fifth portion 1510 is depicted, including a first target 1530 (“A),a second target 1531 (“S”), a third target 1532 (“D”), a fourth target1533 (“F”), a first transition target 1534 (for changing between upperand lowercase character sets), a fifth target 1535 (“Z”), a sixth target1536 (“X”), a second transition target 1537 (for entering and exiting amode for presenting target options for symbol characters), and a thirdtransition target 1538 (for entering and exiting a mode for presentingtarget options for multilingual characters).

The isolated view of FIG. 15A represent an initial state in which acurrent user target 1520 is positioned at the first transition target1534 and a first current distractor target 1522 is positioned at thethird target 1532 and a second current distractor target 1524 ispositioned at the sixth target 1536. Referring now to FIG. 15B, theobfuscation system receives a user activation command 1540 whichactuates the first transition target 1534. This results in options for asecond mode providing lowercase characters being available to the user(via the current user target 1520) while the first current distractortarget 1522 and the second current distractor target 1524 are stilloperating according to the first mode shown in FIG. 15A. In other words,a single set of targets in which the options for both modes aredisplayed is presented, but the selection of an option by the currentuser target is directed to the second mode (access of lowercasecharacters) while a selection by either of the current distractortargets is directed to the first mode (access of uppercase characters).

Where targets have different actions for the modes associated with thecurrent targets, the appearance of the targets is updated to identifyall of the available actions for that target with those modes, as shownin FIG. 15B. Specifically, the first target 1530 has changed fromdisplaying “A” to “A a”, the second target 1531 from “S” to “S s”, thethird target 1532 from “D” to “D d”, the fourth target 1533 from “F” to“F f”, the fifth target 1535 from “Z” to “Z z”, the sixth target 1536from “X” to “X x”, and the third transition target 1538 has changed from“ÀÁÂ” to “ÀÁÂ{grave over (d)}áâ”. The first current distractor target1522 has moved to the fourth target 1533 as seen in FIG. 15B. As aresult of the fourth target 1533 displaying the two actions “F” and “f”,a first visual indicator 1542 for the first current distractor target1522 is reduced in size to only cover the region associated with thefirst mode (“F”). The second current distractor target 1524 has moved tothe third transition target 1538 as seen in FIG. 15B. As a result of thethird transition target 1538 displaying the two actions “ÀÁÂ and“à{acute over (d)}{circumflex over (d)}”, a second visual indicator 1544for the second current distractor target 1524 is reduced in size to onlycover the region associated with the first mode (“ÀÁÂ”).

Referring now to FIG. 15C, the current user target 1520 has moved to thefirst target 1530. As a result of the first target 1530 displaying thetwo actions “A” and “a”, a third visual indicator 1540 for the currentuser target 1520 only covers the region associated with the second mode(“a”), much as already described for the first current distractor target1522 in FIG. 15B. The first current distractor target 1522 has moved tothe sixth target 1536. In addition, the second current distractor target1524 has moved to the second transition target 1537.

In FIG. 15D, the obfuscation system receives a virtual activationcommand 1550 for the second current distractor target 1524 whichactuates the second transition target 1537. This results in options fora third mode providing symbol characters being available to the secondcurrent distractor target 1524. This occurs while the current usertarget 1520 is in the second mode and the first current distractortarget 1522 remains operating according to the first mode. In otherwords, a single set of targets in which the options for all three modesare displayed is presented, but a virtual selection of an option by thesecond current distractor target 1524 is directed to the third mode.

Once again, where targets have different actions for the modesassociated with the current targets, the appearance of the targets canbe updated to identify all of the available actions for that target withthose modes, as shown in FIG. 15D. Specifically, the first target 1530has changed to further display “_(i),” (inverted question mark), thesecond target 1531 now also includes “_(i)” (inverted exclamation mark),the third target 1532 now also includes “€” (euro symbol), the fourthtarget 1533 now also includes “E” (pound symbol), the fifth target 1535also has “±” (division sign), the sixth target 1536 further includes “x”(multiplication sign), and the second transition target 1537 displays“!#$ ABC”. The current user target 1520 has moved to the second target1531. The first current distractor target 1522 has moved to the fifthtarget 1535.

Furthermore, in FIG. 15E, the current user target 1520 has moved to thefourth target 1533, the first current distractor target 1522 has movedto the first target 1530, and the second current distractor target 1524has also moved to first target 1530. In addition, the second currentdistractor target 1524 displays a third visual indicator 1546 and isreduced in size to only cover the region associated with the third mode(“_(i),”).

Referring now to FIG. 16A, an example of a first current target 1610that “splits” when navigating, resulting in an additional second currenttarget 1612 being produced. In this particular example, the firstcurrent target 1610 has moved to the right. In some implementations, thefirst current target 1610 is a current user target and the secondcurrent target 1612 is current distractor target. In some otherimplementations, both the first current target 1610 is a (first) currentdistractor target and the second current target 1612 is a (second)current distractor target. In FIG. 16B, a similar example of “splitting”is depicted in which two additional current targets 1622 and 1624 areproduced. FIG. 16C shows a “merging” process in which two currenttargets (first current target 1630 and second current target 1632)appear to merge and the second current target 1632 is eliminated,leaving first current target 1630. In some implementations, the firstcurrent target 1630 is a current user target and the second currenttarget 1632 is current distractor target. In some other implementations,both the first current target 1630 is a (first) current distractortarget and the second current target 1632 is a (second) currentdistractor target. FIG. 16C also shows a third current target 1634.Accordingly, in FIG. 16C, the number of current targets has been reducedfrom three to two as a result of the “merging”.

By displaying multiple current targets while a user is enteringsensitive information, as described above in FIGS. 1-16C, an ability ofan observer to identify which targets were activated by the user, andaccordingly a content of the sensitive information, is greatly impaired.However, if the observer is able to observe the user's interactions withan input device, the observer may be able to successfully correlate theobserved interactions with the actual current user target and determinea portion of the sensitive information. Conventional input techniquesfor touchscreen devices, where user input is provided through varioustouch-based interactions, are more easily observed than with a handheldremote input device. For example, directional taps on a touchscreen arereadily discernable. Additionally, in situations in which a currenttarget is displayed in close proximity to an area of touch-based input,this further simplifies the observer's attempts at correlating the two.To address such concerns, various implementations offering improvedtouch-based input techniques are described in connection with FIGS.17-21B.

FIGS. 17-19D illustrate examples of a first input technique 1700. FIG.17 illustrates an example of a second user 1710 positioned near atouchscreen display device 1720. The touchscreen display device 1720 onwhich is displayed a third interface 1730 that includes a target displayregion 1738 as well as an input interface 1740, and is configured topermit the second user 1710 to input sensitive information (via theinput interface 1740) for use by a computing device or associatedsystems. In some implementations, the third interface 1730 can presentone or more options for selection by a user. In this case, the targetdisplay region 1738 is displaying three current targets, including afirst current target 1732 (shown with a diamond shape), a second currenttarget 1734 (shown with a circle), and a third current target 1736(shown with a square). The second user 1710 is providing touch-basedinput using the touchscreen display device 1720 via input interface 1740to provide user commands including navigation commands controlling thethird current target 1736. In addition, a second observer 1750 is alsopresent near the touchscreen display device 1720 and able to observe theinteractions of the second user 1710 with the third interface 1730including movements associated with the input interface 1740. However,despite being able to observe these interactions, the second observer1750 remains unable to identify which of the three current targets isbeing used by the second user 1710.

In FIG. 18A, an isolated view of the third interface 1730 in which theinput interface 1740 is shown in an initial state, prior to engagementby the second user. The input interface 1740 includes a firstinteraction region (“first region”) 1810 and a second interaction region(“second region”) 1820. In this case, the first region 1810 is intendedfor use by a left hand, and includes a first navigation input element1812, a second navigation input element 1814, and a first user commandinput 1816. Similarly, the second region 1820 is intended for use by aright hand, and includes a third navigation input element 1822, a fourthnavigation input element 1824, and a second user command input 1826.

In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 18A, the input interface 1740displays visual guides to the user including a first visual guide 1840offering textual instructions “Place hand as shown”, a second visualguide 1842 in the form of a silhouette of a left hand, and a thirdvisual guide 1844 in the form of a silhouette of a right hand. Asindicated by the second visual guide 1842 and the third visual guide1844, the two regions are intended for use by a user's digits. Thus, inthis case, the second user 1710 is being instructed to place a leftmiddle finger on the first navigation input element 1812, a left indexfinger on the second navigation input element 1814, and a left thumb onthe first user command input 1816. Similarly, the second user 1710 isbeing instructed to place a right middle finger on the third navigationinput element 1822, a right index finger on the fourth navigation inputelement 1824, and a right thumb on the second user command input 1826.

In FIG. 18B, the second user 1710 has placed their left hand 1850 incontact with the first region 1810 and their right hand 1860 in contactwith the second region 1820. On the user's left hand 1850, a left middlefinger 1852 is in contact with the first navigation input element 1812,a left index finger 1854 is in contact with the second navigation inputelement 1914, a left thumb 1856 is in contact with the first usercommand input 1816. Similarly, on the user's right hand 1860, a rightmiddle finger 1862 is in contact with the third navigation input element1822, a right index finger 1864 is in contact with a fourth navigationinput element 1824, and a right thumb 1866 is in contact with the seconduser command input 1826. In some implementations, further instructionscan be provided to the user as they begin to initiate contact, such as auser guide 1870 “Maintain Contact”. For example, there may be othervisual indications of the user commands corresponding to actuation of anavigation input element. In some implementations, a “training mode” maybe offered and invoked in which the user is provided detailedinstructions for correct use of the input elements 1812, 1814, 1816,1822, 1824, and/or 1826 and visual indications of input events detectedduring the training mode to improve user confidence outside of thetraining mode. In some implementations, the circles shown in FIG. 18Bfor the input elements 1812, 1814, 1816, 1822, 1824, and/or 1826 are notdisplayed to the user.

It is noted that the orientations and/or positions of any or all of thesecond visual guide 1842, the third visual guide 1844, and/or inputelements 1812, 1814, 1816, 1822, 1824, and/or 1826 are displayed to theuser as illustrative guidance but are not strictly required. In someimplementations, orientations and/or positions of the input elements1812, 1814, 1816, 1822, 1824, and/or 1826 are determined based onrespective detections of contact with the touchscreen display device1720. In some examples, orientations and/or positions input elements1812, 1814, 1816, 1822, 1824, and/or 1826 may be changed over time inresponse to ongoing detections of contact with the touchscreen displaydevice 1720. As a result, positions of hands 1850 and/or 1860 and/ordigits 1852, 1854, 1856, 1862, 1864, and/or 1866 can rotate, shift, andscale, making the input interface 1740 much more comfortable to use.

Referring now to FIG. 19A, a representation of the third interface 1730is shown, where the input interface 1740 is depicted during its initialstate (see FIG. 18A). The navigation input elements are symbolized bydirectional arrows, where the user is not yet in contact with theelements. Thus, the first navigation input element 1812 is representedwith a first arrow (DOWN), the second navigation input element 1814 isrepresented with a second arrow (UP), the third navigation input element1822 is represented with a third arrow (RIGHT), and the fourthnavigation input element 1824 is represented with a fourth arrow (LEFT).

In addition, in the example shown in FIGS. 19A-19D, it can be understoodthat the touchscreen display device 1720 is force sensitive and capableof measuring amounts of force applied at multiple locations. Forpurposes of clarity for the reader, for each of the navigation inputelements, there is also a respective force indicator shown (this may ormay not be presented to the user). In this case, a first indicator 1912is shown to indicate an amount of force being applied to the firstnavigation input element 1812, a second indicator 1914 is shown toindicate an amount of force being applied to the second navigation inputelement 1814, a third indicator 1922 is shown to indicate an amount offorce being applied to the third navigation input element 1822, and afourth indicator 1924 is shown to indicate an amount of force beingapplied to the fourth navigation input element 1824. A threshold 1930extending across the four force indicators is also illustrated forpurposes of reference.

In FIG. 19B, the user has made contact or engaged with the inputinterface 1740. In some implementations, in order for an input to bereceived by the system, all four navigation input elements must registera user contact. In other words, if force is applied to only onenavigation input element, no response will be elicited by the system. Anexample of a detection of contact with all four navigation inputelements is shown in FIG. 19B. The type of contact shown for each of thenavigation input elements is minimal, corresponding to an amount offorce that is below the minimum level of force required for registeringan actuation (see threshold 1930). In FIG. 19C, the type of contactshown for each of the navigation input elements remains below theminimum level of force required for registering an actuation. However,it can be seen that there are varying amounts of force being appliedwith respect to each navigation input element. For example, the firstindicator 1912 reflects an increase in force (i.e., approaching thethreshold 1930) being exerted by the second user 1710. The otherindicators also reflect slight increases in the amount of force applied,but none have exceeded the threshold 1930. Thus, no navigation commandis generated.

In FIG. 19D, the second user 1710 applies additional force on firstnavigation input element 1812, as reflected by the approximately “full”first indicator 1912, confirming that the threshold 1930 has beenexceeded, while the remaining three indicators remain below thethreshold 1930. As a result, a navigation command 1950 corresponding adown direction is generated, causing the current user target 1940 tomove downward from a first target 1942 (“F”) to a second target 1944(“X”). Although a single threshold 1930 has been shown in FIGS. 19A-19D,in some other implementations, different thresholds may be establishedfor each of the four navigation input elements. Furthermore, it shouldbe understood that the thresholds may be changed dynamically. Forexample, a user specific threshold may be defined based on previousinteractions of the second user 1710 with the third interface 1730. Asanother example, over time, users may learn to apply lower amounts offorce for actuating the input interface 1740, which results in lessdiscernable movement of the hands or fingers of the second user 1710,while providing user commands. In some implementations, there may be asecond threshold that is greater than the threshold 1930, above which anamount of force will not be accepted as input, to encourage the seconduser 1710 not to apply excessive amounts of force that will result ineasily observable movements. In some implementations, a warning may beprovided to the user if the force detected exceeds the second thresholdto guide the second user 1710 away from potentially movementsdiscernable by observers.

In addition, although not illustrated in FIGS. 19A-19D, it should beunderstood that similar techniques can also be applied for the firstuser command input 1816 and the second user command input 1826. In someimplementations, the second user command input 1826 is not included inthe third interface 1740 and instead a submit user command can begenerated by other interactions with the third interface 1740. Forexample, it may be generated by the second user 1710 disengaging fromthe third interface 1740. In some implementations, the first usercommand input 1816 may not be included in the third interface 1740. Onebenefit of this type of arrangement is that the four fingers remain incontact with the touchscreen display at the same time (i.e., the fingersare not removed from the screen throughout the duration of the inputprocess) making it far more difficult for the second observer 1750 toidentify when a user command has been submitted and/or which usercommand has been submitted.

Referring now to FIGS. 20A-20G, an example of a handheld computingdevice 2000 including a touchscreen display 2002 is illustrated. In FIG.20A, the touchscreen display 2002 presents a fourth interface 2030 thatcurrently includes an input interface 2040, and is configured to permita third user to input sensitive information (via the input interface2040) for use by the handheld computing device or associated systems. Inaddition, the input interface 2040 comprises a first input region 2010and a second input region 2020. In an initial state, the fourthinterface 2030 also provides an informational message 2004 (“Thumbs gohere”).

In FIG. 20B, an isolated view of the fourth interface 2030 in which thethird user is now engaged with the input interface 2040 is shown. Thethird interface 2030, in response to a detection of the user'sengagement or contact with the first input region 2010 and the secondinput region 2020, replaces the presentation of an informational messagewith a target display region 2038. It can be understood that the firstinput region 2010 is intended for use by a left hand 2050 including aleft thumb 2052, while the second input region 2020 is intended for useby a right hand 2060 including a right thumb 2062, where in this examplethe two thumbs are in contact with the respective input region. It isnoted that although the first input region 2010 and the second inputregion 2020 are shown in respective lower corners of the touchscreendisplay 2002, they may be positioned elsewhere on the touchscreendisplay 2002 in other implementations, either as a design choice or inresponse to a user preference setting. In some examples, a finger may beused instead of a thumb; however, users generally perform more subtlemovements of the thumb.

FIG. 20C illustrates an example of an operation of the second inputregion 2020 to detect input of user commands. In FIG. 20C, an isolatedview of the second input region 2020 is depicted, including a center2080. In some implementations, the center 2080, rather than being thecenter of the region that is displayed in the initial state (see FIG.20A), is determined based on a point of contact determined for the rightthumb 2062. In some examples, the point of contact may be a centroid ofan area of contact between the right thumb 2062 and the touchscreendisplay 2002. In some examples, the point of contact is determined basedon contact detected between the right thumb 2062 and the touchscreendisplay 2002 during a time or period of time, such as when the rightthumb 2062 begins contact or shortly afterward. In some examples, thecenter 2080 may be changed over time in response to ongoing detectionsof contact positions between the right thumb 2062 and the touchscreendisplay 2002.

Above the center 2080 is a first quadrant with a first region 2072,where the first region 2072 corresponds to a first navigation command inan upward direction. Below the center is a second quadrant with a secondregion 2074 that corresponds to a second navigation command in adownward direction. In addition, to the left of the center 2080 is athird quadrant with a third region 2076 corresponding to a thirdnavigation command in a leftward direction, and to the right of thecenter 2080 is a fourth quadrant with a fourth region 2078 thatcorresponds to a fourth navigation command in a rightward direction.

A circular region 2070 with a perimeter at a first threshold distance D1from the center 2080 is not included in any of the four regions 2072,2074, 2076, and 2078. As a result, the third user must roll the rightthumb 2062 such that its point of contact with the touchscreen display2002 is further than the first threshold distance D1 from the center2080 in order to generate a navigation command. FIG. 20D illustrates anexample in which the right thumb 2062 has been rolled upward such thatits point of contact 2082 is at a distance D2 from the center 2080 thatextends into the first region 2072 and in response a navigation command2088 is generated corresponding to an upward direction.

In some implementations, as shown in FIGS. 20E and 20F, a secondthreshold distance D3 may be used to define a maximum distance for thefour regions 2072, 2074, 2076, 2078 from the center 2080. As a result,if the right thumb 2062 is rolled too far, it will not result in anavigation command being generated. In some implementations, a warningmay also be provided to the user in such cases to encourage the thirduser not to move the right thumb to such a degree that will result ineasily observable movements. One example of this is shown in FIG. 20E,where the right thumb has been moved to have a point of contact 2084 ata distance D4 that exceeds the second threshold distance D3 and as aresult a warning 2086 is being presented. FIG. 20F illustrates anotherexample in which the right thumb 2062 has been rolled upward such thatits point of contact 2088 is at a distance D5 between the distances D1and D3 from the center 2080 that extends into the fourth region 2078 andin response a navigation command 2090 is generated corresponding to arightward direction.

It is to be understood that similar techniques as those described inFIGS. 20C-20F can also be applied to the first input region 2010. Insome implementations, instead of quadrants, two regions may be used forthe first input region 2010. As an example, one or more user commandsgenerated by the first input region 2010 may require actuation for athreshold period of time. For example, an actuation of two or moreseconds might be required in order to generate a submit command. Inaddition, the techniques shown in FIGS. 20C-20F may be applied inconnection with the input interface 1740 instead of or in combinationwith force detection. In some examples, the threshold distancesdescribed in FIGS. 20C-20F may be different between four regions 2072,2074, 2076, 2078 or different directions; for example, a user maydemonstrate finer control in a vertical direction than a horizontaldirection.

Referring to FIGS. 20G and 20H, an example in which a user command maybe generated by tapping of the handheld computing device 2000. In FIGS.20G and 20H, a user is shown tapping an exterior rear surface 2006 ofthe handheld computing device 2000 that is opposite to the touchscreendisplay 2002, resulting in an impact 2056 that is detected by a motionsensor 2090, such as an accelerometer, included in the handheldcomputing device 2000 resulting in a processor 2092 included in thehandheld computing device 2000 generating a user command 2094. In thisexample, the user command 2094 is an actuation command. By generating auser command through this technique, the first input region 2010 may beeliminated. In addition, such a design provides a method of input thatis not visible to an observer viewing the touchscreen display 2002.

Referring next to FIGS. 21A and 21B, examples of degrees of inputaffecting speed are shown. In some implementations, the degree of inputmay be according to an amount of force measured by an obfuscationsystem, much as described in connection with FIGS. 19A-19D. In someimplementations, the rolling of a user's digit input as described inconnection with FIGS. 20C and 20D, and a resulting distance from acenter position, may define the degree of input. FIG. 21A illustrates anexample first target scanning path (“first path”) 2110 throughsuccessive targets 2120 included in a fifth interface 2130. The firstpath 2110 defines a sequence through which current targets move throughthe targets 2120 at various speeds to move to and activate selectedtargets 2120, such that the targets are scanned horizontally. Forexample, a current user target 2140 may be moved at speeds correspondingto degree of input. FIG. 21B illustrates an example of a second targetscanning path (“second path”) 2112 through which the targets 2120 arescanned diagonally. It is understood that other scanning paths may bedefined. In some implementations, current targets may be assigneddifferent scanning paths to further obfuscate interactions with thefifth interface 2130.

In the examples illustrated above from FIGS. 1-21B, the user issubmitting discrete navigation commands that each move the current usertarget from one target to another. In other words, each navigationcommand by the user results in a move between one target to a differenttarget. FIGS. 22A-31 present implementations of the obfuscation systemin which the user instead is performing navigation by providing acontinuous directional input, such as but not limited to, via computermouse, or a handheld directional pointing device as shown in FIG. 22A.There are various differences between the discrete input and thecontinuous input. For example, continuous inputs can result in userpositions in multiple user positions within an input interface allcorresponding to a single target. In addition, the user position, as aresult of manual control of the continuous input, results in curved orotherwise non-linear travel to and between desired targets.

Referring first to FIG. 22A, a display device 2220 presenting a sixthinterface 2230 is shown. A fifth user 2210 is holding a handheld remoteinput device 2240 for interaction with the targets of sixth interface2230. In contrast with the handheld remote input device 140 shown inFIG. 1, which may make use of an interface similar to input mechanismportion 400 in FIG. 4A to issue directional input, the handheld remoteinput device 2240 provides more freeform navigation within the sixthinterface 2240. Operation of the handheld remote input device 2240results in movement of a first pointer 2262 used to identify a currentuser target 2238. As the fifth user 2210 uses the handheld remote inputdevice 2240 to move the first pointer 2262, the first pointer 2262 isalso referred to as a “user pointer,” a target identified by the firstpointer 2262 (in this example, located at a two-dimensional firstpointer position 2263) becomes the current user target 2238, associatedwith a first target 2202. In addition, a second pointer 2264 (in thisexample, located at a two-dimensional second pointer position 2265)corresponding to a first current distractor target 2232 associated witha second target 2204, and a third pointer 2266 (in this example, locatedat a two-dimensional third pointer position 2267) corresponding to asecond current distractor target 2234 associated with a third target2206 are also presented on the sixth interface 2230. In this example,the second pointer 2264 and the third pointer 2266 are moved by theobfuscation system and may be referred to as “distractor pointers.” Thesixth interface 2230 includes a user pointer and one or more distractorpointers. As illustrated in FIG. 22A, the fifth user 2210 is aware thattheir input controls movement of the first pointer 2262 used to selectthe current user target 2238; on the other hand, an observer 2250 isunable to determine which of the pointers (first pointer 2262, secondpointer 2264, and third pointer 2266) and their associated currenttargets is being used by the fifth user 2210. It is noted that in thisdisclosure, the term “pointer” may be used to describe a pointerposition, such as the first pointer position 2263, and/or a displayedcursor or other visual indication of the pointer position, such as thethree cursors shown in FIG. 22A. In some examples, a cursor or othervisual identifier of the pointer position may not be displayed.

In FIG. 22B, the fifth user 2210 has moved the handheld remote inputdevice 2240 and as a result the first pointer 2262 has moved along afirst path 2272, from the position shown in FIG. 22A that was associatedwith the first target 2202 to a new position associated with a fourthtarget 2203 shown in FIG. 22B. At the same time, the second pointer 2264moves along a second path 2274 from a position associated with thesecond target 2204 to a new position associated with a fifth target2205. In addition, the third pointer 2266 moves along a third path 2276from a position associated with the third target 2206 to a new positionassociated with a sixth target 2207. The second path 2274 and third path2276 simulate paths that would result from continuous input provided bya human user. As a result, the observer 2250 remains unable to identifythe current user target 2238.

FIGS. 23A-23J illustrate an example of a pointer 2300 being moved alonga path 2310 in a seventh interface 2330. In FIG. 23A the pointer 2300 isat a first point 2360 at a time T0. The first point 2360 is locatedwithin a first target 2340 and accordingly the first target 2340 (“K”)is a current user target 2338. FIG. 23B shows the pointer 2300 beingmoved along the path 2310 from the time T0 to a time T12, passingthrough a series of points along the path 2310 including a second point2362 at a time T1 and within a second target 2342 (“J”), a third point2364 at a time T2 and within a third target 2344 (“U”), a fourth point2366 at a time T3 and within a fourth target 2346 (“Y”), a fifth point2368 at a time T4 and within the fourth target 2346 (“Y”), a sixth point2370 at a time T5 and within a fifth target 2348 (“T”), a seventh point2372 at a time T6 and within a sixth target 2350 (“R”), an eighth point2374 at a time T7 and within the sixth target 2350 (“R”), a ninth point2376 at a time T8 and within a seventh target 2352 (“E”), a tenth point2378 at a time T9 and within the seventh target 2352 (“E”), an eleventhpoint 2380 at a time T10 and within a eighth target 2354 (“S”), atwelfth point 2382 at a time T11 and within a position between eighthtarget 2354 (S″) and a ninth target 2356 (“D”), and a thirteenth point2384 at a time T12 and within the ninth target 2356 (“D”). The pointer2300 is shown in FIG. 23B at the end of the path 2310 at the thirteenthpoint 2384. The thirteenth point 2384 is located within the ninth target2356 and accordingly the ninth target 2356 (“D”) becomes the currentuser target 2338 at the time T12. A visual indicator 2390 is applied tothe ninth target 2356 to visually identify it as the current user target2338. It can be seen in FIG. 23B that the path 2310, as it passesthrough the eleventh point 2380 and the twelfth point 2382, has gonepast the ninth target 2356 in the horizontal direction. This is anexample of “overshoot”, and is frequently observed in human pointeroperation, as will be discussed in more detail below.

For purposes of illustration, the sequence of FIGS. 23C-23J shows thepointer 2300 as it moves through a series of points at the times T5-T12.In FIG. 23C, the pointer 2300 is at the sixth point 2370, having movedfrom the fifth point 2368. As the sixth point 2370 is located within thefifth target 2348 at the time T5, the fifth target 2348 becomes thecurrent user target 2338 at time T5. In FIG. 23D, the pointer 2300 is atthe seventh point 2372, having moved from the sixth point 2370. As theseventh point 2372 is located within the sixth target 2350 at the timeT6, the sixth target 2350 becomes the current user target 2338 at timeT6. In FIG. 23E, the pointer 2300 is at the eighth point 2374, havingmoved from the seventh point 2372. As the eighth point 2374 is alsolocated in the sixth target 2350 where the previous seventh point 2372was, the sixth target 2350 remains the current user target 2338 at timeT7. In FIG. 23F the pointer 2300 is at the ninth point 2376, havingmoved from the eighth point 2374. As the ninth point 2376 is locatedwithin the seventh target 2352 at the time T8, the seventh target 2352becomes the current user target 2338 at time T8. In FIG. 23G, thepointer 2300 is at the tenth point 2378, having moved from the ninthpoint 2376. As the tenth point 2378 is also located in the seventhtarget 2352 that the previous ninth point 2376 was, the seventh target2352 remains the current user target 2338 at time T9. In FIG. 23H, thepointer 2300 is at the eleventh point 2380, having moved from the tenthpoint 2378. As the eleventh point 2380 is located within the eighthtarget 2354 at the time T8, the seventh target 2352 becomes the currentuser target 2338 at time T10.

In FIG. 23I, the pointer 2300 moves to the twelfth point 2382 from theeleventh point 2380. The twelfth point 2382 is located between theeighth target 2354 and the ninth target 2356. However, the twelfth point2382 is not located in either of the eighth target 2354 or ninth target2356. As a result the pointer 2300 is not considered to be in any of thetargets of the sixth interface 2230. The visual indicator 2390 is notshown, and no current user target is indicated. If an actuation commandis submitted while the pointer 2300 is at the twelfth point 2382, itwill not result in any of the targets of the interface being actuated.In some implementations, the sixth interface 2230 does not include thegaps between targets as shown in FIG. 23I, thereby avoiding movement topositions that do not correspond to a target. Finally, in FIG. 23J, thepointer 2300 moves to the thirteenth point 2384 from the twelfth target2382. As the thirteenth point 2384 is located within the ninth target2356 at the time T12, the ninth target 2356 becomes the current usertarget 2338 at time T12. In this example, the ninth target 2356 was theuser's desired target and shortly after time T12 the user submits anactuation command resulting in actuation of the ninth target 2356 andselection of the corresponding character “D”.

FIG. 24 illustrates an example in which a user 2405 submits sensitivedata via an obfuscation system 2400 configured to apply techniquesdescribed herein. The user 2405 interacts with an input device 2415 byperforming one or more physical action(s) 2410, resulting in one or morecorresponding input event(s) 2420 being generated by the input device2415. An input event 2420 may be a pointer movement event 2422 or someother event 2424. In response to receiving a pointer movement event2422, a user pointer position calculator 2425 included in theobfuscation system 2400 determines an updated user pointer position 2430based on the pointer movement event 2422. For an absolute input devicethere may simply be a direct mapping to the user pointer position 2430.For a relative input device, the pointer movement event 2422 may be usedto calculate the user pointer position 2430. In some examples, the userpointer position calculator 2425 is performed by an operating system orother system component that provides the user pointer position 2430.Based on the updated user pointer position 2430, a current user targetselector 2435 included in the obfuscation system 2435 determines which,if any, of currently active targets 2440 corresponds to the user pointerposition 2430. If one of the targets 2440 is selected (for example, dueto the user pointer position 2430 being within an image displayed forthe target or an effective target area for the target), it becomes thecurrent user target 2450.

An input event interpreter 2445 included in the obfuscation system 2400generates one or more user command(s) 2460 corresponding to anotherevent 2424 received from the input device 2415. FIG. 24 illustrates twoexamples of the user command(s) 2460: an actuate command 2462 and asubmit command 2464. In some implementations, the obfuscation system2400 is configured to perform the operations described for the submitcommand 2464 in response to receiving an actuation command 2462. Inresponse to receiving the actuation command 2462, a target actuator 2455included in the obfuscation system 2400 executes a target action 2452associated with the current user target 2450. In some examples, thetarget action 2452 corresponds to performing a selection of a targetoption 2454 associated with the current user target 2450, resulting in aselected option 2465. In some implementations, the selected option 2465may be appended to a series of accumulated options 2470. In response toreceiving the submit command 2464, a sensitive user input processor 2475receives and operates on the selected option 2465 and/or the accumulatedoptions 2470.

FIG. 25 illustrates various characteristics frequently observed withhuman pointer operation. The described features, characteristics, andbehavior are useful for characterizing actual human pointer movement andsynthesizing pointer movement for paths followed by distractor pointers.For purposes of reference, a first axis 2580 substantially parallel to avertical axis is depicted, along with a second axis 2590 that issubstantially orthogonal to the first axis. In this example, a pointer(not illustrated in FIG. 25) begins at a first point 2502, locatedwithin a first target 2540 at a time T0 and moves along a path 2500 to afifth point 2510, located within a second target 2542 at a time T4.

For purposes of illustration, the path 2500 is shown divided into fourpath segments, including a first path segment 2520 ending at a secondpoint 2504 at a time T1, a second path segment 2522 ending at a thirdpoint 2506 at a time T2, a third path segment 2524 ending at a fourthpoint 2508 at a time T3, and a fourth path segment 2526 ending at thefifth point 2510 at time T4. FIG. 25 also shows a dotted line 2512directly connecting the first point 2502 and the final, fifth point2510. However, real-world human pointer movements rarely move linearlybetween points, but instead tend to proceed along paths with trajectoryand movement errors and attempts at correcting those errors as theyoccur. Although only the five points 2502, 2504, 2506, 2508, and 2510are discussed, in some implementations, additional intermediate pointswould be obtained or generated by the obfuscation system.

For the first path segment 2520, although a first trajectory 2550 (lyingon the line 2512) is the most direct trajectory to the fifth point 2510,the first path segment 2520 instead proceeds toward the second point2504 with a first trajectory error θ1. As noted previously, suchtrajectory errors are common, particularly at the beginning of a pointerpath. With respect to the second path segment 2522, at the second point2504 an attempt is made to correct the first trajectory error θ1. Fromthe second point 2504 a second trajectory 2552 is the most directtrajectory to the fifth point 2510. However, the second path segment2522 instead makes an overcorrection with a second trajectory error θ2in an opposite angular direction from the first trajectory θ1. Suchattempts at correcting a pointer's trajectory and errors in suchcorrections are another common feature of human-operated pointer paths.The third path segment 2524 illustrates another example of trajectorycorrection. From the third point 2506 a third trajectory 2554 is themost direct trajectory to the fifth point 2510. However, the third pathsegment 2522 instead makes an undercorrection with a third trajectoryerror θ3. In human-operated pointer movement, such patterns of incorrecttrajectory and incorrect corrective trajectories can be repeatedmultiple times, especially along longer pointer paths.

At the time T3, at the fourth point 2508, although the path 2500 hasreached the horizontal position of the fifth point 2510, it is below thefifth point 2510 and not within the second target 2542. To correct theposition of the pointer, during the fourth path segment 2526, an“overshoot” movement is performed where the user reverses the previousdirection during the third path segment 2524 of the pointer movement tocome back around and arrive the desired fifth point 2510 at time T4.Such overshoot maneuvers are common in human generated pointeroperation. For purposes of this discussion, an overshoot maneuver may becharacterized by a horizontal overshoot distance 2570 and a verticalovershoot distance 2572.

Another common feature of human-operated pointer movement, at least forlonger pointer paths, is high acceleration and high velocity movement ata beginning of a path and significantly reduced velocity towards an endof a path. This can provide useful signaling for generating syntheticpointer paths in real time that end at about the same times asuser-generated paths while maintaining a realistic appearance ofnaturally occurring human-generated paths. In some implementations, ahigh acceleration or high velocity shortly after the pointer being in anidle state can indicate to the obfuscation system that the user begunnavigating to a new target. In response, the obfuscation system may thenbegin moving the distractor pointers to simulate similar targetnavigation paths. In some implementations, the obfuscation system isconfigured to determine when, after a path has traveled at least athreshold distance, a user pointer has sharply reduced its velocity. Theobfuscation system can then in such circumstances begin bringingsynthetic paths for distractor pointers to an end that resembles naturalhuman pointer operation.

The overshoot maneuver shown for the fourth path segment 2526 reflectsthe difficulty for a user to accurately direct a pointer to a smalltarget. Much as shown in FIG. 25, users often end up executing overshootmaneuvers as a final action to arrive at a desired point. Another commonuser behavior is a reduced pointer velocity towards an end of a path tofacilitate more accurately arriving on a smaller target. In someimplementations, an obfuscation system may make use of an intentionallyreduced effective target size to increase pointing difficulty for auser, resulting in an increased occurrence of the above-noted overshootmaneuvers and reduced velocities and resultant pointer paths. Thus, byusing smaller effective target sizes, user-generated pointer paths canhave features that provide clearer and earlier signals of when a pointerpath is nearing its end. This allows the obfuscation system to identifyin advance when a user is likely to end a pointer path and bringsynthetic pointer paths for distractor pointers to a more natural end.In some examples, an appearance of a target may be unchanged, but asmaller fraction of the area displayed for the target may be consideredto be associated with the target. By doing this, a visual appearance maybe maintained while achieving the results of smaller targets.Additionally, in some implementations, the obfuscation system may beconfigured to dynamically change effective target sizes achieve a betterdynamic balance between user pointer effectiveness and realisticdistractor pointer movement that is more likely to go undetected by anobserver as being synthetic.

In some implementations, the obfuscation system may operate according toa plurality of states. FIG. 26 illustrates an example in which anobfuscation system operates according to five states, including a firststate 2610, a second state 2620, a third state 2630, a fourth state2640, and a fifth state 2650. The first state 2610 (labeled “START”),which may be referred to a “start state” corresponds to when an inputinterface is initially presented to a user. The obfuscation system,while in this start state 2610, may perform certain operations and/orset certain parameters that result in useful behavior when the userfirst starts interacting with an input interface. FIG. 26 illustratestwo transitions 2612 and 2614 from the start state to other states. Insome implementations, a timer may be used to determine when theobfuscation system may transition out of the start state 2610. If, afterthe timer has expired, the user pointer is making little to no movement,the transition 2612 occurs from the start state 2610 to the second state2620, which may be referred to as an “idle state”. On the other hand, ifmore significant user pointer movement is occurring at the expiration ofthe timer, the obfuscation system instead makes the transition 2614 fromthe start state 2610 to the third state 2630.

In the idle state 2620 (labeled “IDLE”), there is a single transition2622 to the third state 2630, which occurs when the user pointer hasperformed a threshold amount of movement within a specified period oftime. The third state 2630 (labeled “UNCLASSIFIED NAVIGATION”)corresponds to a state in which the obfuscation system has not yetdetermined whether the user pointer is engaged in trial navigationcorresponding to the fourth state 2640 or target navigationcorresponding to the fifth state 2650. FIG. 26 also illustrates atransition 2632 from the third state 2630 to the fourth state 2640,which occurs when the obfuscation system, based on recent user pointermovement, classifies that movement as being performed for a trialnavigation assessment. FIG. 26 further illustrates a transition 2634from the third state 2630 to the fifth state 2650, which occurs when theobfuscation system, based on recent user pointer movement, classifiesthat movement as being performed by the user to direct a user pointer toa desired target for selection. As will be discussed below, in someimplementations, such classifications may be performed with the aid ofone or more machine-trained models.

In the fourth state 2640 (labeled “TRIAL NAVIGATION”), the obfuscationsystem has determined that a user is engaged in a trial navigationassessment and is configured to move one or more distractor pointersaccording to synthetic trial navigation assessments. In someimplementations, the synthetic trial navigation assessments result inthe user pointer moving in a manner that is distinct from the movementsbeing performed by the user to facilitate the user quickly and correctlyidentifying the user pointer from among multiple pointers. As shown inFIG. 26, a transition 2642 may occur from the fourth state 2640 to theidle state 2620. In some examples, this may occur once the user pointerhas performed less than a threshold amount of movement within or duringa period of time. Also, in some implementations, a transition 2644 mayoccur from the fourth state 2640 to the fifth state 2650. For example,the transition 2644 may occur in response to detected high accelerationor high velocity user pointer movement. Finally, in someimplementations, a transition 2646 may occur from the fourth state 2640to the third state 2630. In some examples, the transition 2646 may occurin response to the obfuscation system no longer classifying user pointermovement as corresponding to a trial navigation assessment, determinesthat the user pointer is still actively moving, but is unable toclassify the user pointer movement as target navigation behavior.

In the fifth state 2650 (labeled “TARGET NAVIGATION”), the obfuscationsystem has determined that a user is navigating the user pointer to aparticular target for performing a selection. While operating in thefifth state 2650, the obfuscation system generates synthetic targetnavigation paths for the distractor pointers and moves them accordingly.In some implementations, the movement of the distractor pointersdynamically responds to detected changes in user pointer movement. Forexample, as noted above, detection of an overshoot maneuver or asignificant reduction in user pointer velocity may result in previouslyplanned paths and/or path generation parameters being modified to bringa synthetic path to a natural end concurrent with an end of the currentuser pointer path.

In some implementations, a transition 2652 may occur from the fifthstate 2650 to the idle state 2620. In some examples, this may occur oncethe user pointer has failed to perform a threshold amount of movementwithin a period of time. In some implementations, a transition 2654 mayoccur from the fifth state 2650 to the third state 2630. In someexamples, the transition 2654 may occur in response to the obfuscationsystem no longer classifying user pointer movement as corresponding to auser target navigation, and determines that the user pointer is stillactively moving. In some implementations, a transition 2656 may occurfrom the fifth state 2650 to the fourth state 2640. For example, a highacceleration movement of the user pointer may occur at a beginning ofeither navigating to a target or a trial navigation assessment, and theobfuscation system may initially respond by transitioning to the fifthstate 2650. However, subsequent movement of the user pointer may resultin a determination that a trial navigation assessment is being performedand a corresponding transition 2656 from the fifth state 2650 to thefourth state 2640.

It is understood that although five states are shown in FIG. 26 andcertain conditions for transitioning between the illustrated states aredescribed here and elsewhere in this disclosure, the techniquesdescribed herein are not limited to the number of states shown, theactivities performed in each of those states, and the various conditionsused to transition between states. For example, a transition might occurfrom fifth state to a sixth state (not shown in FIG. 26) in response todetecting user pointer movement suggesting the user pointer will soonstop moving. In some implementations, as described or suggested for someof the above states, one or more machine-trained models may be appliedthe obfuscation system to identify circumstances in which theobfuscation system will transition from a current state to a differentstate.

In some implementations, starting and stopping of distractor pointermovements is synchronized with starting and stopping of the userpointer. In some examples, the obfuscation system, while in the thirdstate 2630, may perform movement of distractor pointers (which may beinitiated in response to the transitions 2614, 2622, 2646, and/or 2654),resulting in the distractor pointers appearing to be idle while the userpointer is idle and the distractor pointers initiating movement at thesame time as the user pointer. In some examples, the obfuscation systemmay terminate movement of distractor pointers in response to atransition or expected transition to the idle state 2620.Synchronization of the user pointer and distractor pointers reducesconcerns of an observer successfully determining when a user is causingthe user pointer to move. In some implementations and according tovarious conditions, aspects of distractor pointer movement may begenerated in real time in response to related aspects of user pointermovement. For example, a velocity, acceleration, and/or direction ofuser pointer movement may be used to produce a corresponding velocity,acceleration, and/or direction of distractor pointer movement at aboutthe same time.

In some circumstances, a user may enter an input interface from outsideof the input interface. If the user pointer were to simply continuemoving along in the input interface, in general the task of an observeridentifying the user pointer may be significantly simplified. In FIGS.27A-27D, various techniques, which may be performed in response to adetermination that a user pointer has entered the input interface, aredescribed to alleviate this concern. FIG. 27A illustrates an example inwhich an input interface 2730 is configured to move a user pointer 2700to a new position no longer corresponding to a point at which it enteredthe user interface 2730 in order to confuse an observer. In thisillustration, no targets are shown for the input interface 2730 forpurposes of simplicity. Beginning at a time T1 the user pointer moves ina first direction 2702 toward the input interface 2730 and enters theinput interface 2730 at a first position 2710 along a left-edge 2732 ofthe input interface 2730 at a time T2. Rather than the user pointer 2700simply continuing along the first direction 2702 from the first position2710, which would be easily tracked by an observer, the user pointer2700 instead jumps to, abruptly moved to, or otherwise changed to asecond position 2712 at a distance away, apart, and discontinuous fromthe first position 2710 at the time T2, resulting in a discontinuityfrom a pointer position and/or path of movement for the user pointer2700 immediately before the time T2. In some implementations, as shownin FIG. 27A, at or about the time T2 one or more distractor pointers arealso display at respective positions within the input interface 2730. InFIG. 27A, a first distractor pointer 2704 begins to be displayed at thetime T2 at a third position 2714. Also, a second distractor pointer 2706begins to be displayed at the time T2 at a fourth position 2716. In someexamples, as shown in FIG. 27A, at the time T2 the second position 2712for the user pointer 2700 is at a greater distance from the first point2710 than at least one of the positions

Recognizing that the user is likely to continue moving the user pointer2700 in the first direction 2702 and that such behavior would be usefulto an observer, in some implementations, the obfuscation system isconfigured to have the distractor pointers perform the same orsubstantially similar movements as the user pointer 2700 for a period oftime Δt, which in FIG. 27A ends at a time T3. In some implementations,the time period Δt may be determined in response to detected movementsof the user pointer 2700. For example, once the user pointer 2700 nolonger continues in the first direction 2702, the distractor pointersmay proceed to navigate according to other path generation algorithms.In some implementations, this matching of distractor pointer movementwith user pointer movement is limited to the start state 2610 and atransition from the start state 2610 to a different state may occur atthe end of the time period Δt.

FIGS. 27B, 27C, and 27D illustrate an additional technique in which theuser pointer 2700 is “split” into multiple pointers to obfuscate theposition and movements of the user pointer 2700. In FIG. 27B, the userpointer 2700 enters the input interface 2730 at the first point 2710 ata time T4, much as shown in FIG. 27A. From there, the user pointer 2700arrives at a fifth point 2718 at a time T5. Referring next to FIG. 27C,at the time T5 one or more pointers are added at about the fifth point2718 in response to a determination that the user pointer 2700 enteredthe input interface 2730, such that the user pointer 2700 appears tohave “split” into a first pointer 2740 and a second pointer 2742, whichhave moved along independent pointer paths 2750 and 2752 to arrive at arespective sixth point 2720 and a seventh point 2722 at a time T6. Insome examples, no further splitting of the pointers 2740 and 2742 mayoccur, and one of the pointers 2740 and 2742 will, at and/or after thetime T5, be used as the user pointer 2700 and the other pointer will beused as a distractor pointer. In some examples, the time T5 is, or isapproximately, at the time T4 and/or the fifth point 2718 is, or isapproximately, at the first point 2710.

However, in some implementations, a further splitting of one or both ofthe pointers 2740 and 2742 may occur after the time T6. FIG. 27D showsan example in which both of the pointers 2740 and 2742 are split. At thetime T6 one or more pointers are added at about the sixth point 2720,such that the first pointer 2740 appears to have “split” into a thirdpointer 2744 and a fourth pointer 2746, which have moved alongindependent pointer paths 2754 and 2755 to arrive at a respective eighthpoint 2724 and a ninth point 2725 at a time T7. Also at the time T6,although a time different than the time T6 may be used, one or morepointers are added at about the seventh point 2722, such that the secondpointer 2742 appears to have “split” into a fifth pointer 2748 and asixth pointer 2770, which have moved along independent pointer paths2756 and 2757 to arrive at a respective tenth point 2726 and an eleventhpoint 2727 at the time T7. In some examples, at or after the time T6,one of the pointers 2744, 2746, 2748, and 2770 is used as the userpointer.

It is further noted that this technique of splitting the user pointercan also be combined with the techniques described in FIG. 27A. Forexample, rather than having the distractor pointers 2704 and 2706 appearat or about the time T2, the distractor pointers 2704 and 2706 may beadded later, much as the distractor pointers were added after the timeT3 in FIGS. 27C and 27D. It is also noted that the random changing ofpointer position shown in FIG. 27A may be applied in some respects tothe techniques shown in FIGS. 27B-27D. As an example, instead ofpointers 2744 and 2746 both proceeding along paths beginning at thesixth point 2720, the third pointer 2744 and/or the fourth pointer 2746may be moved at the time T6 to different points positioned away from thesixth point 2720, resulting in an abrupt change in pointer position incombination with adding an additional pointer that further confuses anobserver. Although not illustrated FIGS. 27A-27D, in someimplementations, the obfuscation system is configured to also obscurepointer location when exiting an input interface. For example, althougha user pointer might exit an upper edge of an input interface it may beimmediately moved to a different position (for example, a randomlycalculated position) to prevent an observer from determining whichpointer was the user pointer.

In some implementations in which an input interface is configured todisplay a user pointer and distractor pointers, the input interface isconfigured to not allow an operating system provided pointer to bedisplayed within the input interface. Instead, much as the inputinterface has been described as displaying and moving distractorpointers, the input interface may also be configured to display andmanage movement of the user pointer. In some implementations, this mayallow the obfuscation system to better synchronize movements of the userpointer and the distractor pointers, resulting in additional time forgenerating synthetic distractor pointer movements in response to userpointer movements. In FIGS. 27A-27D, examples are depicted in which theuser pointer enters the input interface 2730 from a previous pointerposition outside of the input interface 2730. For example, in somecircumstances for FIG. 27, the input interface 2730 is displayed whilethe user pointer 2700 is positioned outside of the input interface 2730.However, there are other circumstances in which the user pointer canenter the input interface 2730. For example, the user pointer 2730 mayalready be at a position within the input interface 2730 at a time thatthe input interface 2730 is initially displayed. At that time, thetechniques of FIGS. 27A-27D may still be applied. As a result, knowledgeof a position of the user pointer 2700 before the input interface 2730is displayed is no longer useful to an observer.

Referring next to FIGS. 28A and 28B, in various circumstances, a usermay become uncertain as to which of the multiple pointers currentlybeing displayed in an input interface 2830 is the user pointer. Manyusers, when faced with this situation, will perform a trial navigationassessment to observe which pointer moves according to the user-suppliednavigation input. These trial navigation assessments often follow anumber of common patterns, which can be both detected and synthesized byan obfuscation system. FIG. 28A illustrates an example in which a user2810 is unsure as to which of three pointers (first pointer 2800, secondpointer 2802, and third pointer 2804) is the user pointer. In somecircumstances, the user 2810 might attempt to perform some initialmovements or even begin attempting to navigate to a target and still notunderstand which of the pointers 2800, 2802, and 2804 is under thecontrol of the user 2810.

To identify the user pointer, in FIG. 28B, the user 2810 is performing atrial navigation assessment by providing a first navigation input 2820instructing the user pointer to be moved in a counterclockwise pattern.In response to the first navigation input 2820, the first pointer 2800also moves along a first path 2830 according to the counterclockwisepattern submitted by the user 2810. Due to the first path 2830 matchingthe first navigation input 2820, the user 2810 realizes that the firstpointer 2800 is a user pointer 2806. In some implementations, asillustrated in FIG. 28B, an obfuscation system is configured torecognize when a user begins performing a trial navigation assessmentand transitions to the fourth state 2640 described in FIG. 26. While inthe fourth state 2640, one or more distractor pointers (e.g., a firstdistractor pointer 2840 and a second distractor pointer 2842) beginperforming synthesized trial navigation assessments, but in a mannerthat is readily identifiable to the user 2810 as not corresponding tothe navigational input 2820. Thus, although an observer may recognizethe user 2810 as engaging in behavior suggesting a trial navigationassessment is occurring, the synthesized trial navigation assessmentsconfound the observer's attempt to identify the user pointer 2806.

With continuous input devices, there are a number of frequentlyencountered patterns used for trial navigation assessments. For example,a circular pattern similar to the first path 2830, which may proceed ina clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Another common pattern isillustrated by a first synthesized trial navigation assessment path2832, resulting from a user moving a pointer back and forth generallyalong a common axis, in which that axis might reflect an up and downmovement, left and right movement, or various other selected orpreferred orientations. The obfuscation system is configured to,algorithmically and/or with the aid of one or more machine-trainedmodels, identify one or more such patterns and as a result transitioninto the fourth state 2640 (see FIG. 26). In some implementations theobfuscation system may further be configured to distinguish betweendifferent types of user trial navigation assessment patterns; forexample, distinguishing between the above-mentioned circular pattern andthe back and forth pattern. In some implementations, a secondsynthesized trial navigation assessment path 2834 is generated bytransforming the navigation input 2820 so as to be immediatelyresponsive to the navigational input 2820 while also being clearlydistinguishable from the first path 2830 that results from thenavigational input 2820. In some examples, the transformation includes asymmetric translation of the first path 2830. For example, secondsynthesized trial navigation assessment path 2834 is essentially amirror-image of the first path 2830. In some examples, thetransformation includes a rotational and/or dilation transformation. Asanother example, first synthesized trial navigation assessment path 2832has been produced by a dilation that compressed the movement of thefirst path 2830 in a first direction in combination with a rotation ofthe dilated path. In some implementations, one or more machine modelsmay be trained and/or applied to detect, classify, and/or synthesize thetrial navigation assessments. In some implementations, a style and/orparameter for generating a synthesized trial navigation assessment pathfor a particular distraction pointer may be based on a position and/orrecent movement of the distraction pointer at a transition to the fourthstate 2640. In some implementations, a detected and/or recorded handused by the user 2810 for input may be used to generate a synthesizedtrial navigation assessment path. For example, use of a left hand 2812by the user 2810 for an input device 2814 may be used as an inputfeature for a machine-trained model or determine a direction and/oramount of rotation of the first synthesized trial navigation assessmentpath 2832.

In some implementations, an obfuscation system is configured todynamically respond to movements of a user pointer for real-timesynthesis of a distractor pointer path. For example, it may be desiredto stop moving a distractor pointer when the user pointer stops moving(and, in some examples, begin moving a distractor pointer when the userpointer begins moving as well) to prevent distractor pointer movementbeing presented that obviously does not correspond to a user'sinteractions. However, real-time generation of dynamically responsivedistractor movement and paths is a significant challenge, as themovements of the user pointer, such as when and/or where the userpointer will stop, are unknown in advance.

FIGS. 29A-29C illustrate techniques that include detecting certainfeatures of user pointer movement and generating distractor pointerpaths accordingly. In some implementations, the generation of adistractor pointer path may be based on which of the states 2610, 2620,2630, 2640, and 2650 an obfuscation system is currently operating in.FIG. 29A illustrates generation of a distractor pointer path 2960 for adistractor pointer 2950 in response to movement of a user pointer 2900along a user pointer path 2910. In FIG. 29A, the user pointer 2900 hasmoved along a first user path segment 2912 from a time T2 to a time T2.In response, for the same time period (from T1 to T2), the obfuscationsystem has generated a first distractor path segment 2962 for thedistractor pointer 2950. In some implementations, the first distractorpath segment 2962 may be generated in the third state 2930, which may beentered at the time T1 in response to detected initial movement of theuser pointer 2900. In this example, at the time T2, the obfuscationsystem transitions to the fifth state 2650 (see FIG. 26). For example,this may be due to a threshold acceleration of the user pointer 2900being detected, which may indicate the beginning of a target navigation.In some circumstances, a first destination point 2990 may be selected asan ending for the distractor pointer path 2960. In some examples, apre-planned path 2964 ending at the first destination point 2990 may begenerated at or about the time T2, although in some implementations, thedistractor pointer path 2960 may be generated towards the firstdestination point 2990 piece-wise in real-time. In some examples, adestination target 2980 may be identified and the first destinationpoint 2990 selected as a point located in the destination target 2980.

FIG. 29B illustrates an example in which the user path 2910 ends at atime T5. Immediately after completing an overshoot maneuver beginning ata time T3, in this example, from the time T2 through the time T3 and tothe time T4 the distractor pointer path 2960 has proceeded along thepre-planned path 2964 shown in FIG. 29A. However, at the time T4, theobfuscation system has determined that the user pointer 2900 has begunperforming an overshoot maneuver. For example, this may be due to asudden change in the direction of the user pointer path 2910. Inresponse to this determination that the user pointer 2900 is performingan overshoot maneuver, this is seen as a signal that the user pointerpath 2910 is nearly complete and that the distractor pointer path 2960will need to end before the distractor pointer path 2960 arrives at thepreviously planned original designation (first destination point 2990).In this example, this results in a new destination point (a seconddestination point 2992) being identified as an ending for the distractorpointer path 2960. However, it still is unknown when, or even if theuser pointer 2900 will actually stop moving. Thus, in someimplementations, rather than stopping the distractor pointer path 2960at the second destination point 2992, the distractor pointer 2950 mayslow down to a first velocity and continue moving along the pre-plannedpath 2964 until the user pointer 2900 stops moving. In this example, asa result of the user pointer 2900 moving slightly longer thananticipated, the distractor pointer path 2960 has continued along thepre-planned 2964 a bit beyond the second destination point 2992, insteadending at a point 2994 included in a target 2982. Thus, in the exampleshown in FIG. 29B, the distractor pointer path 2960 ends at orapproximately at the time T5 at which the user pointer path 2910 ends.

FIG. 29C illustrates an example in which a longer user pointer path 2910occurs than shown in FIG. 29B. At a time T6, the distractor pointer 2950has reached the first destination point 2990 initially determined at thetime T2, as shown in FIG. 29A. However, the user pointer 2900 is stillmoving at the time T6 and will not end at a time T7 (although the endtime T7 is unknown at the time T6). As a result of the user pointer 2900continuing to move, the destination pointer 2950 continues along anextended path segment 2966. In some implementations, the extended pathsegment 2966 proceeds in a same general direction as at or about thetime T6, such as a general direction of a path segment 2964 between thetimes T2 and T6. However, if doing so is expected to take the extendedpath segment 2966 in a direction that is unlikely to arrive at a targetor is likely to reach a peripheral boundary of the input interface, thena different direction may be selected. In any event, in the exampleshown in FIG. 29C, the user pointer 2900 and the distractor pointer 2950both stop moving at or about the time T7, with the extended path segment2966 ending at a point 2990.

In some implementations, the training system may be configured toidentify features in user pointer paths similar to those shown anddescribed in FIG. 25 and characterize paths according to those featuresfor machine training. As has been mentioned in previous figures, one ormore machine-trained models may be applied by the obfuscation system tomake various determinations of user behavior and/or synthesizingdistractor pointer paths. FIG. 30 illustrates a model training system(“system”) 3000 for generating such machine trained models (“models”).In this example, human-generated pointer operation data is obtainedseparate from actual user input interface interactions to avoidinadvertent collection of sensitive user information. Instead, thesystem 3000 includes a data collection service 3010 which is configuredto, via a network 3020, identify a plurality of training users anddistribute training data collection programs. An example of this isshown in FIG. 30, where a training user 3030 is interacting with acomputing device 3014. The computing device 3014 receives a trainingdata collection program 3012. The training data collection program 3012includes instructions which, when executed by the computing device 3014,cause a variety of scenarios to be presented on a display device 3016.In response to each scenario provided by training data collectionprogram 3012 the training user 3030 manipulates an input device 3032resulting in collection of training data items 3034 which the trainingdata collection program 3012 provides to a training data repository3040. In some examples, a plurality of scenario descriptions 3042 areprovided to the data collection service 3010, which in turn is used togenerate specific scenarios presented to each of the training users.

The various scenarios are designed to elicit responses from a user thatcorrespond to particular situations for which models are desired torecognize, characterize, and/or synthesize. For example, in order totrain a model to identify when users start performing trial navigationassessments, various scenarios may be provided that prompt a traininguser to trial navigation assessments. For example, in a scenariomultiple pointers may be displayed to a training user, much as shown inFIG. 28A, and a training user requested to perform an action requiringselection of the user pointer. From the resulting training data acrossmultiple users, a first model can be produced and applied to determinewhen the transitions 2632 and/or 2656 to the fourth state 2640 areperformed. In some examples, the same training data used to train thefirst model may also be used to train a second model directed tosimulating user trial navigation assessments and applied generatesynthesized distractor pointer movements while in the fourth state 2640.There are many other aspects of human input device usage that may beelicited for generating models reflecting those aspects.

The system 3000 also includes a model trainer 3050 which is configuredto generate one or more trained models 3060 based on training datamaintained by and obtained from the training data repository 3040.Examples of such models include state transition models 3062, which areapplied to identify when a transition to a different state should occur,distractor pointer path synthesis models 3064 configured to generatemovements of distractor pointers that realistically simulate actualhuman operations in similar situations, target selection models 3066used to select targets or series of targets for distractor pointers thatwould reflect choices made by human users, and path classificationmodels 3068 which may be used to classify a user's operation of a userpointer, with a determined classification used to generate distractorpointer movements and/or as an additional feature provided as an inputto one or more other models.

Referring now to FIG. 31, selected portions of an obfuscation system3100 that may apply one or more models produced as described in FIG. 30are illustrated. In this example, a user 3110 operates an input device3112 resulting in user input events 3114. The obfuscation system 3100 isconfigured to determine and/or change a user pointer position 3120. Insome implementations, the user pointer position 3120, often incombination with previous user pointer positions, are used by a featuregenerator 3130 to generate one or more features 3132 used as inputs toone or more models 3140. In some implementations, the feature generator3130 may generate features based on recent or previous positions 3125 ofthe user pointer. For example, one or more features 3132 correspondingto the features shown in FIG. 25 may be produced as a higher levelcharacterization of a user pointer path rather than supplying theindividual points into a model. The models 3140 correspond to the models3060 described in FIG. 30 and may be applied in various ways todetermine movements for distractor pointers. Based on the features 3132,the models 3140 generate a model output 3142. The obfuscation system3100 includes a distractor pointer movement synthesizer 3150 configuredto generate updated distractor pointer positions 3152 based on at leastthe model output 3142. The obfuscation system 3100 includes an inputinterface renderer 3160 which is configured to update an input interface3162 on a display device 3170 based on the updated distractor pointerpositions 3152 and the user pointer position 3120.

In some implementations, a machine model may be configured to outputdistractor path parameters directed to features such as those shown anddescribed in FIG. 25. For example, a distractor pointer path may besynthesized, at least in part, producing a series of trajectory errorsand simulated corrections at various points along a path to simulatehuman interaction with an input device. The parameters may also resultin an overshoot maneuver with indicated characteristics being performedat an end of a synthesized distractor pointer path.

In different implementations, the systems described herein can includeprovisions for facilitating an inputting user's ability to distinguishbetween their own current user target and those of the currentdistractor targets. In FIG. 32A, an example of a fifth user 3210positioned near a display device 3220 is shown. The display device 3220in this example is a large-screen display that displays a seventhinterface 3230 which may operate according to any of the previouslydescribed examples. At the time shown in FIG. 32A, neither the fifthuser 3210 nor an adjacent observer 3250 is able to determine which ofthree displayed current targets 3232, 3234, and 3236 is the current usertarget that will be controlled by the fifth user 3210.

FIG. 32B continues the example of FIG. 32A, where the fifth user 3210has moved into closer proximity to the display device 3220. In someimplementations, the fifth user 3210 might be in physical contact withthe display device 3220, as previously illustrated in FIGS. 17-19D,though this is not necessary. Due to being in close proximity to displaydevice 3220, the fifth user 3210 is able to receive and understand oneor more signals presented by the obfuscation system indicating which ofthe current targets 3232, 3234, and 3236 corresponds to a current usertarget 3238. In this case the current user target 3238 is the currenttarget 3232. On the other hand, the observer 3250 is unable to perceiveand/or interpret the signals provided by the obfuscation system andtherefore remains unaware of which of the current targets 3232, 3234,and 3236 will be controlled by the fifth user 3210.

In some implementations, the signal may be provided in a form of ahaptic output to the fifth user 3210 via a device in physical contactwith the fifth user 3210. For example, where the fifth user 3210 is incontact with the display device 3220 as shown in FIGS. 17-19D, thedisplay device 3220 may generate a first vibration 3260 providing thesignal. In some implementations, the fifth user 3210 may have and be inphysical contact with a first companion device 3262 which is configuredto receive an electronic signal from the obfuscation system and generatea respective second vibration 3264. However, the observer 3250 is unableto detect the signal because the observer 3250 is not in contact withthe vibrating device and an amplitude of the vibration is too small tobe heard by the observer 3250.

In some other implementations, the signal may be provided in a form ofaudio output to the fifth user 3210 via a device that is near to thefifth user 3210. In the example shown in FIG. 32B, display device 3220includes a first speaker 3270 for a first audio channel (herecorresponding to a left side of the fifth user 3210) and a secondspeaker 3272 for a second audio channel (here corresponding to a rightside of the fifth user 3210). In some implementations, the two speakerscan produce auditory outputs 3274 and 3276 which, due to a proximityand/or position of the fifth user 3210, the fifth user 3210 is able todetect a discriminatory signal that will allow the fifth user 3210 toidentify the current user target 3238. However, due to the observer 3250being at a greater distance and/or at a different position relative tothe first speaker 3270 and second speaker 3272, the observer 3250 isunable to perceive the signal being provided to the fifth user 3210.

As another example, the signal may be provided in the form of a visualindicator, such as a discriminatory visual indicator 3280 to the fifthuser 3210 via the device display 3220. The fifth user 3210 is able todetect the discriminatory visual indicator 3280 as a result of being inclose proximity to the discriminatory visual indicator 3280. However, atgreater distances, the human visual system does not have sufficientacuity to detect the presence of the discriminatory visual indicator3280. Accordingly, the observer 3250 does not perceive the signal beingprovided to the fifth user 3210 by the discriminatory visual indicator3280. It can be appreciated that by use of these types of signals (e.g.,haptic, audio, visual) the fifth user 3210 can avoid performing a trialnavigation assessment as previously described in connection with FIGS.12A-12C, thereby further reducing clues for the observer 3250 effectivefor identifying the current user target 3238.

FIG. 32C provides another continuation of the example of FIG. 32A, wherethe fifth user 3210 is providing input to the obfuscation system using ahandheld remote input device 3290 much as previously described, such asin regard to the input device 140 shown in FIG. 10. In someimplementations, much as described for the first companion device 3262,the handheld remote input device 3290 is configured to receive anelectronic signal from the obfuscation system and generate a respectivethird vibration 3292. In some other implementations, the fifth user 3210may have a second companion device 3294. For example, in FIG. 32C, thesecond companion device 3294 is in the form of a mobile computing devicewhich can provide a vibratory signal 3296 and/or an auditory signal 3298via an in-ear headphone 3299. The observer 3250 is unable to detect anyof these signals and therefore remains thwarted in his efforts todetermine which current target 3232, 3234, and 3236 is the current usertarget 3238. Although the examples shown in FIGS. 32A-32C are withrespect to a large format display device 3220 it is understood thatsimilar signals may be provided to a user via a portable handheldcomputing device such as but not limited to a tablet computing device orsmartphone to prevent casual observers from obtaining sensitiveinformation being input by the user.

Additional details with respect to these discriminatory signals will nowbe provided with reference to FIGS. 33A-38B. Referring first to FIGS.33A and 33B, a display device 3320 is shown at two different distancesfrom the user. In FIG. 33A, the display device 3320 is at a firstdistance from a prospective user, and in FIG. 33B the display device3320 is at a second distance from a prospective user that is smallerthan the first distance. In other words, the display device 3320 in FIG.33A is positioned further away than the same display device 3320 in FIG.33B.

In this example, the display device 3320 presents an eighth interface3330 which includes a plurality of targets that includes a first currenttarget 3332 and a second current target 3334, of which the currenttarget 3332 is also a current user target 3338. Although not visible toa viewer at the first distance of FIG. 33A, the current user target 3338is displayed with a discriminatory visual indicator 3340. In FIG. 33B,as the user approaches or is positioned closer to the display device3320, the discriminatory visual indicator 3340 becomes discernable. Asshown in a magnified isolated view 3350, in some implementations, thediscriminatory visual indicator 3350 may be provided via a patternedchange in pixel colors that can be seen at near distances but at greaterdistances are no longer distinguishable or discernable by the sameperson. In some implementations, this may include applying a firstmodification to a selected first plurality of pixels associated with thecurrent user target (but not necessarily at the current user target).For example, the first modification may be performed by increasing anamount of a particular first color component (such as an amount of bluein an RGB color) of an initial first pixel color to generate a modifiedsecond pixel color. Additionally, an offsetting second modification maybe applied to a selected second plurality of pixels associated with thecurrent user target, in which the second modification is configured toperform an offsetting pixel color change such that when viewed from adistance the down-sampled view of the current user target 3338 is thesame whether or not the discriminatory visual indicator 3350 is used.The offsetting second modification avoids a shift in color that mightotherwise be perceived by only applying the first modification. In someimplementations, the discriminatory visual indicator 3350 may beanimated, such as by changing which pixels are modified over time and/orchanging an amount and/or type of modification over time, to furtherimprove its visibility to a user in close proximity. In someimplementations, a user may select a preferred visual effect, theselection maintained as a user preference, and the user preferenceapplied for the user. In some implementations, reported or detectedcharacteristics of the display 1020 may be used to select and/or modifya visual effect to improve its detectability.

In order to introduce the reader to additional details regarding thehaptic and auditory discriminatory signals, an example of a currenttarget display is discussed for purposes of context with respect toFIGS. 34A-34D. In FIG. 34A, an isolated view of the ninth interface 3430is shown, including a first current target 3432 and a second currenttarget 3434. In this case, during the time period T1, the first currenttarget 3432 is associated with a first visual indicator 3442, and thesecond current target 3434 is associated with a second visual indicator3444 that each identify the targets as current targets. In addition, atselected times, the obfuscation system applies a secondary visualindicator 3450 to one of the currently displayed targets at a time. Forexample, during the time period T1 shown in FIG. 34A, the secondaryvisual indicator 3450 is applied to the first current target 3432. It isnoted that the secondary visual indicator 3450 does not in and of itselfsignal to the user that the first current target 3432 is a current usertarget 3438 (i.e., under control of the user). Also during the timeperiod T1 a haptic or audio signal 3460 is provided to the user.Together the secondary visual indicator 3450 and haptic or audio signal3460 provide a discriminatory signal 3470. Therefore, in FIG. 34A, theconcurrent presentation of the haptic or audio signal 3460 with thedisplay of the secondary visual indicator 3450 in combination with thefirst current target 3432 informs the user that it is indeed the currentuser target 3438.

In contrast, in FIG. 34B, the secondary visual indicator 3450 is beingapplied to the second current target 3434, and has been removed thefirst current target 3432. However, during the time period T2 thatimmediately follows time period T1, no auditory or haptic signal ispresented to the user. This indicates that the second current target3434 is a current distractor target 3402. Similarly, in FIGS. 34C and34D, the pattern is repeated. Thus, in FIG. 34C the concurrentpresentation of the haptic or audio signal 3460 with the display of thesecondary visual indicator 3450 in combination with the first currenttarget 3432 during a time period T3 that immediately follows time periodT1 informs the user that it is indeed the current user target 3438. Inaddition, in FIG. 34D, during the time period T4 that immediatelyfollows time period T3, no auditory or haptic signal is presented to theuser. This again indicates that the second current target 3434 is acurrent distractor target 3402. As shown in FIGS. 34A-34D, the secondaryvisual indicator 3450 is alternated between or rotated among theplurality of current targets.

As an alternative approach to the display of the secondary visualindicator, FIG. 34E illustrates an isolated view of a tenth interface3480 including a first current target 3482, a second current target3484, and a third current target 3486 displayed in a target displayregion 3488 included in the tenth interface 3480. The first currenttarget 3482 is associated with a third visual indicator 3472 (a circle),the second current target 3484 is associated with a fourth visualindicator 3474 (a square), and the third current target 3484 isassociated with a fifth visual indictor 3476 (a diamond) that eachidentify the targets as current targets.

The tenth interface 3430 further includes a secondary region 3490displaying a plurality of tertiary visual indicators 3490. In thisexample, the plurality of tertiary visual indicators 3490 include afirst tertiary visual indicator 3492 corresponding to the first currenttarget 3482 and displaying its associated third visual indicator 3472, asecond tertiary visual indicator 3494 corresponding to the secondcurrent target 3484 and displaying its associated fourth visualindicator 3474, and a first tertiary visual indicator 3496 correspondingto the third current target 3486 and displaying its associated fifthvisual indicator 3476. It is noted that the plurality of tertiary visualindicators 3490 may be arranged elsewhere in the tenth interface 3430,including according to arrangements in which they are not displayedtogether in a single region.

In contrast to the implementation shown in FIGS. 34A-34D in which thesecondary visual indicator 3450 is applied to current targets in thetarget display region 3482, in FIG. 34E the secondary visual indicator3450 is instead applied to the plurality of tertiary visual indicators3490. As shown in FIG. 34E, during successive time periods T2, T3, andT4, the signal 3460 is only presented during the time period T3 duringwhich the secondary visual indicator 3450 is applied to the secondtertiary visual indicator 3494. As a result, the signal 3460 isalternated between or rotated among the plurality of tertiary visualindicators 3490. Based on this concurrent presentation of the signal3460 and the secondary visual indicator 3450 in combination with thesecond tertiary visual indicator 3494, the user is informed that thesecond current target 3442 is the current user target 3438, much as inFIGS. 34A-34D.

Referring next to FIGS. 35A-37B, various examples are illustrated inwhich a haptic signal is provided to the user. These examples may beapplied in combination with the examples shown in FIGS. 34A-34E. In FIG.35A, a sixth user 3510 has a companion device 3562 which in this exampleis in the form of a smartwatch worn by the sixth user 3510, although thecompanion device 3562 may be in a variety of other form factors in otherimplementations. FIG. 35A corresponds to the time period T2 shown inFIGS. 34B and 34E and for purposes of discussion the tenth interface3430 is also shown here as illustrated in FIG. 34B via a display device3400. During the time period T2 the secondary visual indicator 3450 isshown for a current distractor target 3444 and thus no haptic signal ispresented to the user. This indicates to the sixth user 3510 that thesecond current target 3434 is not the user's current target. Incontrast, in FIG. 35B, a concurrent presentation of a haptic signal 3560with the display of the secondary visual indicator 3450 in combinationwith the first current target 3432 during the time period T3 informs theuser that the first current target 3432 is indeed the current usertarget 3438. In different implementations, the tenth interface 3430and/or obfuscation system can be configured to work in conjunction withthe display device 3400 to provide a signal 3502, such as a message viaa data communication link and/or network, to the companion device 3562to initiate concurrent presentation of the haptic signal 3560 as thesecondary visual indicator 3450 is applied to the first current target3432.

Similarly, in FIG. 36A, a seventh user 3610 has a handheld computingdevice 3600 which in this example is in the form of a gaming pad held inboth hands by the seventh user 3610, although the handheld computingdevice 3600 may be in a variety of other form factors in otherimplementations. FIG. 36A corresponds to the time period T2 shown inFIGS. 34B and 34E and for purposes of discussion the tenth interface3430 is also shown here as illustrated in FIG. 34B via a display of thehandheld computing device 3600. During the time period T2 the secondaryvisual indicator 3450 is shown for a current distractor target 3444 andthus no haptic signal is presented to the user. This indicates to theseventh user 3610 that the second current target 3434 is not the user'scurrent target. In contrast, in FIG. 36B, a concurrent presentation of ahaptic signal 3660 with the display of the secondary visual indicator3450 in combination with the first current target 3432 during the timeperiod T3 informs the user that the first current target 3432 is indeedthe current user target 3438. In different implementations, theobfuscation system can issue a command to the handheld computing device3600 to generate the haptic signal at the correct period of time(s).

In FIG. 37A, an eighth sixth user 3710 has a remote input device 3702that can be used to interact with, and provides commands and/or receivesfeedback from, the tenth interface 3430, shown on a device display 3700,although the remote input device 3702 may be in a variety of other formfactors in other implementations. FIG. 37A corresponds to the timeperiod T2 shown in FIGS. 34B and 34E. During the time period T2 thesecondary visual indicator 3450 is shown for a current distractor target3444 and thus no haptic signal is presented to the user. This indicatesto the sixth user 3510 that the second current target 3434 is not theuser's current target. In contrast, in FIG. 37B, a concurrentpresentation of a haptic signal 3760 (generated from the remote inputdevice 3702 held in the user's hand) with the display of the secondaryvisual indicator 3450 in combination with the first current target 3432during the time period T3 informs the user that the first current target3432 is indeed the current user target 3438. In differentimplementations, the tenth interface 3430 and/or obfuscation system canbe configured to work in conjunction with the display device 3700 toprovide a signal 3704, such as a message via a data communication linkand/or network, to the remote input device 3702 to initiate concurrentpresentation of the haptic signal 3760 as the secondary visual indicator3450 is applied to the first current target 3432.

Referring next to FIGS. 38A-38C, an example is illustrated in which anaudio signal is presented to the user. This example may be applied incombination with the examples shown in FIGS. 34A-34E. In FIG. 38A, adisplay device 3800 is shown that includes or is associated a firstspeaker 3802 and a second speaker 3804. FIG. 38A corresponds to the timeperiod T2 shown in FIGS. 34B and 34E and for purposes of discussion thetenth interface 3430 is also shown here as illustrated in FIG. 34B viathe display device 3800. Throughout the time period T2 the first speaker3802 outputs a first audio signal 3812 for a first audio channelcorresponding to a left side of the user and the second speaker 3804outputs a second audio signal 3814 for a second audio channelcorresponding to a right side of the user. The two audio signals 3812and 3814 remain unchanged and/or substantially identical such that nodiscernable difference between the two audio signals is presented to theuser during the time period T2 when the secondary visual indicator 3450is shown for the current distractor target 3444. This indicates to theuser that the second current target 3434 is not the user's currenttarget.

FIG. 38B shows the time period T3 during which the secondary visualindicator 3450 is applied to the first current target 3432 which is alsocurrent user target 3438. During the time period T3, the first speaker3802 outputs a third audio signal 3822 for the first audio channel andthe second speaker 3804 outputs a fourth audio signal 3824 for thesecond audio channel. During one or intervals 3820 that occur during thetime period T3, the third audio signal 3822 includes a firstdiscriminatory audio signal 3832 and/or the fourth audio signal 3824includes a second discriminatory audio signal 3834 as a signal to a user3810 at a first position 3806 in close proximity to the display device3800 and/or the speakers 3802 and 3804. At the first position 3806, theuser 3810 as at a distance D1 from the display device 3800 and/or thespeakers 3802 and 3804. At the first position 3806, the user 3810perceives the third audio signal 3822 and fourth audio signal 3824 in amanner that the user 3810 recognizes that the first current target 3432is indeed the current user target 3438. In contrast, an observer 3850 ata second position 3808 is at a distance D2 from the display device 3800and/or the speakers 3802 and 3804. At the second position 3808, theobserver 3850 perceives the third audio signal 3822 and fourth audiosignal 3824 in a manner that the observer 3850 cannot detect that adiscriminatory signal has been generated.

FIG. 38C illustrates an example of the third audio signal 3822 andfourth audio signal 3824 and an interval 3820 during which the thirdaudio signal 3822 includes a fifth audio signal 3832 and the fourthaudio signal 3834 includes a sixth audio signal 3834. In this particularexample, the obfuscation system has recorded an ambient audio signal atthe display device 3800 and reproduces the recorded ambient signalduring the time period T2. However, during the interval 3820 the ambientsignal is modified, for example by changing its phase to produce thefifth audio signal 3832 and sixth audio signal 3834. This change isreadily perceived by user 3810 when in close proximity to the displaydevice 3800. However, at greater distances, such as the distance D2 forthe observer 3850, mixing of the fifth audio signal 3832 and sixth audiosignal 3834 has occurred that destroys any perceptible change in thephase. In different implementations, other techniques can be used tomodify one or both of the two audio signals in ways that enablediscernment of such modifications only at close proximity to the audiosource.

In the examples above in FIGS. 32A-38C, a user has been told whichcurrent target is the current user target. However, some implementationsare configured to permit a user to instruct the obfuscation system as towhich current target is to be used as the current user target. Referringto FIGS. 39A and 39B, one example of this process is illustrated. Anisolated view of an eleventh interface 3930 is depicted in an initialstate in FIG. 39A, prior to any navigational commands having beenreceived from the user. A first current target 3910 (“G”) is displayed,with four destination targets including a first destination target 3950(“T”) associated with a first navigation command, a second destinationtarget 3952 (“C”) associated with a second navigation command, a thirddestination target 3954 (“F”) associated with a third navigationcommand, and a fourth destination target 3956 (“H”) associated with afourth navigation command. Then, as shown in FIG. 39B, the user providesan input 3920 corresponding to the second navigation command instructingthat a current user target be moved in a downward direction. In responseto the input 3920 the first current target 3910 moved downward to thesecond destination target 3952 and will thereafter be used as a currentuser target 3912. At the same time, one or more current distractortargets are created. In the example shown in FIG. 39B, a first currentdistractor target 3940 is created and a second current distractor target3942 is also created, similar to the “splitting” process shown in FIG.16B. In some implementations, each current distractor targets arecreated at two different destination targets (here the first destinationtarget 3950 and the fourth destination target 3956). By this techniquethe user has unambiguously instructed the obfuscation system as to whichof the three displayed current targets is to be used as the current usertarget.

It may be appreciated that in cases where a user is selecting multipleoptions, the user can desire reassurance or confirmation that anactuation command for each selection was received by the system. Forexample, FIG. 6 illustrated (at third stage 664) an interface in whichan appearance of a selected target is briefly modified to provide avisual feedback that the selection was performed. In some otherimplementations, the feedback can be in the form of a sound that isgenerated when a selection is made, such as a click or a beep thatserves as an audio feedback confirming that a selection was performed.In some implementations, the audio feedback can be provided incombination and/or simultaneously with the presentation visual feedback.However, an issue with these forms of visual or audio feedback is thatthey are also indicate to an observer which targets have been selected,which can serve as a significant clue as to a content of the sensitiveinformation being submitted by the user.

In different implementations, the obfuscation systems described hereincan include provisions to reassure the user that the actuation commandwas received while retaining the privacy of the inputs. FIGS. 40A-42Cillustrate various examples in which the visual, haptic, and/or audiosignals described in FIGS. 33A, 33B, and 35A-38B are employed to providefeedback for target selections that will not be detected by an observer.Referring to FIG. 40A, an example of an eighth user 4010 positioned neara display device 4020 is shown. The display device 4020 in this exampleis a large-screen display that displays a twelfth interface 4030 whichmay operate according to any of the previously described examples. Thetwelfth interface 4030 includes a first current target 4032, a secondcurrent target 4034, and a third current target 4036. The eighth user4010 is aware that the third current target 4036 is the current usertarget 4038 which the eighth user 4010 is navigating via navigationcommands 4022 resulting from interaction with a handheld remote inputdevice 4024. The eighth user 4010 has completed navigation to a desiredtarget 4026 (“L”). In this example although an observer 4050 suspectsthat the third current target 4036 is being used as the current usertarget 4038, without knowing when target selections have occurred, theobserver 4050 is left guessing as to the content of the sensitiveinformation.

In FIG. 40B, the eighth user 4010 uses their thumb to submit anactuation command 4028 via handheld remote input device 4024 resultingin an actuation of the desired target 4026 but without any feedbackperceived by the observer 4050. Instead, a feedback signal 4060 isgenerated to provide feedback to the eighth user 4010 such as an imagebased discriminatory signal (if the eighth user 4010 is in closeproximity to the display device 4020), a haptic signal such as avibration 4062 produced by the handheld remote input device 4024 inresponse to a signal from the obfuscation system, or an audiodiscriminatory signal 4064 produced by speakers 4066. Accordingly, theeighth user 4010 is reassured that the desired target 4026 has beenproperly selected. On the other hand, the observer 4050 is unaware thatthe eighth user 4010 performed a selection.

In some implementations, the obfuscation system is configured to move afirst current distractor target 4040 and a second current distractortarget 4042 synchronously with user navigation commands. However, thecurrent distractor targets will not be navigated when an actuationcommand is received from the user. Accordingly, the current user target4038 will not remain still while the first current distractor target4040 and second current distractor target 4042 move, which mightotherwise suggest to the observer 4050 that a target actuation hadoccurred at the current user target 4038.

In different implementations, other types of approaches may be used toprovide reassurance feedback to a user that do not necessarily rely onthe discriminatory signals described above. For example, FIG. 41presents an isolated view of a thirteenth interface 4130 including afirst current target 4132, a second current target 4134, and a thirdcurrent target 4136. In this case, the first current target 4132 isbeing used as a current user target 4138. The second current target 4134is a first current distractor target 4140, and the third current target4136 is a second current distractor target 4142. In the implementationof FIG. 41, the current user target 4138 will display a visual feedback,such as the blinking shown in the third stage 664 of FIG. 6, when theuser actuates the current user target 4138. As reflected in a timeline4150 of FIG. 41, this occurs at a time T2 and a time T8. Furthermore, inorder to obfuscate when the user has performed a selection, theobfuscation system presents the visual feedback at additional times whenthe user has not performed a target actuation, as shown at a time T5 anda time T10. In addition, the first current distractor target 4140 andthe second current distractor target 4142 also display the visualfeedback to present virtual target actuations shown by the boxes labeled“SYN ACT” at times T1, T3, T6, and T10 that also serve to mislead anobserver. In some implementations, the obfuscation system mayadditionally be configured to display the visual feedback for a currentdistractor target at other times to further obfuscate target selectionevents shown by the boxes labeled “RAND” at times T4 and T11. Althoughoverall this results in the visual feedback being displayed many timesacross many current targets, at times that the user did not perform atarget actuation, as the user is aware of which current target is thecurrent user target 4138 as well as when the user performed a targetactuation, the visual feedback displayed at the times T2 and T8 shown bythe boxes labeled “ACT,” serve to confirm and reassure the user thatthose actuation commands have been acknowledged. The user is able tosimply ignore the additional visual feedback events, including therandom visual feedback events shown by the boxes labeled “RAND” at timesT5 and T10 with the current user target 4138.

As performing a random visual feedback for the current user target 4138might otherwise be performed when a user is expecting the current usertarget 4138 to move according to a submitted navigation command, in someimplementations the obfuscation system is instead configured to insertthe random visual feedback between actual user commands and also performvirtual commands for the current distractor targets. This avoids thevisual feedback being presented at the same time that the current usertarget 4138 is being moved to a new destination target, which would notoccur in response to a real series of user commands. In someimplementations, this is done shortly after an actual user command inorder to avoid an unnaturally short period of time between the randomvisual feedback event and the subsequent real user command.

Referring to FIG. 42 an implementation of a partial view of a fourteenthinterface 4230 that includes a region 4232 configured to present ashared visual feedback indicator 4250 is shown. Although the region isshown apart from a target display portion 4210, in other implementationsthe region and the shared visual feedback indicator 4250 may overlapwith the target display portion 4210 and/or modify the appearance ofsome or all of the target display portion 4210 during an active state4260. For example, the target display portion 4210 might blink or theappearances of all of the current targets may briefly change to indicatethat an actual target actuation or virtual target actuation wasperformed.

In the active state 4260, the region 4232 includes the shared visualfeedback indicator 4250. The shared visual feedback indicator 4250 isdisplayed as visual feedback when either an actual target activationcommand is received from a user, as shown at times T2 and T8 (see atimeline 4270 below) or a virtual actuation occurs for a currentdistractor target, as shown at times T3 and T10 for a first currentdistractor target 4240, and at times T1 and T6 for a second currentdistractor target 4242. At other times, the region 4232 is in aninactive state 4262. While in the inactive state 4262 the shared visualfeedback indicator 4250 is not displayed. In some implementations, adifferent visual indicator 4252 may instead be displayed within theregion 4232, while in other implementations the region 4232 may simplybe left vacant. As a result, during the period of time shown in FIG. 42across timeline 4270, an observer sees the shared visual feedbackindicator 4250 being presented six times, but the observer is unable todetermine how many, if any at all, correspond to a target actuationbeing performed by the user. It is noted that the discriminatorysignaling described in connection with 33A, 33B, and 35A-38B can also beused in combination with the techniques described in FIGS. 41 and 42,thereby offering a user an even greater sense of reassurance.

FIG. 43 is a flow chart illustrating an implementation of an exampleprocess 4300 for obfuscating user input. In some examples, some or allof the process 4300 may be performed in combination with any of thefeatures discussed in connection with FIGS. 1-16C, 50, and 51, althoughthey may also be performed with any other features described herein. InFIG. 43, a first operation 4310 may include concurrently displayingmultiple targets including a first target, a second target, a thirdtarget, and/or a fourth target. In a second operation 4320, the process4300 includes moving a first visual indication of a current user targetto the first target at a first time to reflect a change of the currentuser target to the first target in response to a first user input fordiscrete movement of the current user target. In a third operation 4330,the process 4300 may include moving the first visual indication to thesecond target at a second time after the first time to reflect a changeof the current user target to the second target in response to a seconduser input for discrete movement of the current user target. In a fourthoperation 4340, the process 4300 may include actuating the current usertarget at a third time after the second time in response to a third userinput for actuation of the current user target. In a fifth operation4350, the process 4300 includes moving a second visual indication of afirst distractor target to the third target at a fourth time at or afterthe first time. In a sixth operation 4360, the process 4300 includesmoving the second visual indication to the fourth target at a fifth timeafter the fourth time and before the third time.

FIG. 44 is a flow chart illustrating an implementation of an exampleprocess 4400 for obfuscating user input. In some examples, some or allof the process 4400 may be performed in combination with any of thefeatures discussed in connection with FIGS. 1-21B, 50, and 51, althoughthey may also be performed with any other features described herein. InFIG. 44, a first operation 4410 includes concurrently displayingmultiple targets including a first target and/or a second target. In asecond operation 4420, the process 4400 includes detecting a first touchinput event performed by a first digit of a first hand at a firstposition on a touch interface surface. In a third operation 4430, theprocess 4400 includes moving a first visual indicator of a current usertarget in a first direction to the first target to reflect a change ofthe current user target to the first target in response to the firsttouch input event having occurred at the first position. In a fourthoperation 4440, the process 4400 includes detecting a second touch inputevent performed by a second digit of the first hand at a second positionon the touch interface surface, wherein the second position is differentthan the first position. In a fifth operation 4450, the process 4400includes moving the first visual indicator in a second direction to thesecond target to reflect a change of the current user target to thesecond target in response to the second touch input event havingoccurred at the second position, wherein the second direction isdifferent than the first direction. In a sixth operation 4460, theprocess 4400 may include actuating the current user target after thedetection of the first input event and the detection of the second inputevent. Additionally, for the process 4400, at least with respect to theoperations 4420, 4430, 4440, and 4450, the first digit is in continuouscontact with the touch interface surface up to the performance of thefirst touch input event and until the performance of the second touchinput event.

FIG. 45 is a flow chart illustrating an implementation of an exampleprocess 4500 for obfuscating user input. In some examples, some or allof the process 4500 may be performed in combination with any of thefeatures discussed in connection with FIGS. 22A-31, 50, and 51, althoughthey may also be performed with any other features described herein. InFIG. 45, a first operation 4510 includes concurrently displayingmultiple targets including a first target, a second target, a thirdtarget, and/or a fourth target. In a second operation 4520, the process4500 includes moving a first visual indication of a current user targetto the first target at a first time to reflect a change of the currentuser target to the first target in response to a first movement of auser pointer to a first position within the first target. In a thirdoperation 4530, the process 4500 includes maintaining the current usertarget and the first visual indication at the first target in responseto a second movement of the user pointer between two different positionswithin the first target. In a fourth operation 4540, the process 4500may include moving the first visual indication to the second target at asecond time after the first time to reflect a change of the current usertarget to the second target in response to a third movement of the userpointer to a second position within the second target. In a fifthoperation 4550, the process 4500 may include actuating the current usertarget at a third time after the second time in response to a first userinput for actuation of the current user target. In a sixth operation4560, the process 4500 includes moving a second visual indication of afirst distractor target to the third target at a fourth time at or afterthe first time. In a seventh operation 4570, the process 4500 includesmoving the second visual indication to the fourth target at a fifth timeafter the fourth time and before the third time.

FIG. 46 is a flow chart illustrating an implementation of an exampleprocess 4600 for obfuscating user input. In some examples, some or allof the process 4600 may be performed in combination with any of thefeatures discussed in connection with FIGS. 1-16C, 22A-39, 50, and 51,although they may also be performed with any other features describedherein. In FIG. 46, a first operation 4610 includes concurrentlydisplaying multiple targets including a first target, a second target, athird target, a fourth target, and/or a fifth target. In a secondoperation 4620, the process 4600 includes presenting, at a first timeduring a first period of time that a current user target remains thefirst target, a discriminatory signal to a user indicating a firstvisual indication displayed at the first time is for the current usertarget. In various implementations, the discriminatory signal mayinclude a haptic signal generated by a device in physical contact withthe user, an audio signal, and/or a modified image for which an imagehas been temporarily modified for the first period of time to indicatethe first visual indication is for the current user target. In a thirdoperation 4630, the process 4600 includes displaying, at the first time,the first visual indication in association with the current user target.In a fourth operation 4640, the process 4600 may include displaying asecond visual indication of a first current distractor target at thesecond target during the first period of time. In a fifth operation4650, the process 4600 may include moving a third visual indication ofthe current user target to the third target at a second time after thefirst period of time to reflect a change of the current user target tothe third target in response to a first user input event for navigationof a current user target. In a sixth operation 4660, the process 4600may include actuating the current user target at a third time after thesecond time in response to a second user input for actuation of thecurrent user target. In a seventh operation 4670, the process 4600 mayinclude moving the second visual indication to the fourth target at afourth time at or after the second time. In an eighth operation 4680,the process 4600 may include moving the second visual indication to thefifth target at a fifth time after the third time and before the secondtime.

FIG. 47 is a flow chart illustrating an implementation of an exampleprocess 4700 for obfuscating user input. In some examples, some or allof the process 4700 may be performed in combination with any of thefeatures discussed in connection with FIGS. 1-16C, 22A-31, 40A-41, 50,and 51, although they may also be performed with any other featuresdescribed herein. In FIG. 47, a first operation 4710 may includeconcurrently displaying multiple targets including a first target and/ora second target. In a second operation 4720, the process 4700 includesmoving a first visual indication of the current user target to the firsttarget at a first time to reflect a change of the current user target tothe first target in response to a first input event for selection of acurrent user target. In a third operation 4730, the process 4700includes actuating the current user target at a second time after thefirst time in response to a second input event for actuation of thecurrent user target. In a fourth operation 4740, the process 4700includes presenting to a user, at approximately the second time, adiscriminatory signal used to confirm actuation of a target. In variousimplementations, the discriminatory signal may include a haptic signalgenerated by a device in physical contact with the user, an audiosignal, and/or a modified image for which an image has been temporarilymodified for the first period of time to indicate the first visualindication is for the current user target. In a fifth operation 4750,the process 4700 may include moving the first visual indication to thesecond target at a third time after the second time to reflect a changeof the current user target to the second target in response to a thirduser input for selection of a current user target.

FIG. 48 is a flow chart illustrating an implementation of an exampleprocess 4800 for obfuscating user input. In some examples, some or allof the process 4800 may be performed in combination with any of thefeatures discussed in connection with FIGS. 1-16C, 22A-31, 40A, 40B, 42,50, and 51, although they may also be performed with any other featuresdescribed herein. In FIG. 48, a first operation 4810 includesconcurrently displaying multiple targets including a first target and/ora second target. In a second operation 4820, the process 4800 mayinclude moving a first visual indication of the current user target tothe first target at a first time to reflect a change of the current usertarget to the first target in response to a first user input. In a thirdoperation 4830, the process 4800 includes performing, at a second timeafter the first time, a first presentation of a first visual or audiofeedback signal used to confirm actuation of a target, wherein thecurrent user target has remained the first target from the first time tothe second time without a user input for actuation of the current usertarget being received between the first time and the second time. In afourth operation 4840, the process 4800 may include moving the firstvisual indication to a second target at a third time to reflect a changeof the current user target to the second target in response to a seconduser input. In a fifth operation 4850, the process 4800 may includereceiving a third user input for actuation of the current user target ata fourth time after the third time. In a sixth operation 4860, theprocess 4800 includes actuating the second target in response to thethird user input. In a seventh operation 4870, the process 4800 mayinclude performing, at a fifth time after the fourth time, a secondpresentation of the first visual or audio feedback signal, wherein thecurrent user target has remained at second target from the third timeuntil the fifth time.

FIG. 49 is a flow chart illustrating an implementation of an exampleprocess 4900 for obfuscating user input. In some examples, some or allof the process 4900 may be performed in combination with any of thefeatures discussed in connection with FIGS. 1A-48, 50, and 51. In FIG.49, a first operation 4910 includes receiving user input entered via auser input device. In a second operation 4920, the process 4900includes, responsive to the received user input, causing a first visualindication on the display to move, over a period of time, through afirst subset of the displayed targets to enter user selections oftargets. In a third operation 4930, the process 4900 includes,concurrent to the first visual indication, generating control signals todisplay a second visual indication on the display, wherein the secondvisual indication is in addition to the first visual indication. In afourth operation 4940, the process 4900 includes causing the secondvisual indication to move through a second subset of the displayedtargets during the period of time in a manner that is different from thefirst visual indication moving through the first subset of the displayedtargets. In a fifth operation 4950, the process 4900 includes invoking apredetermined function if the entered user selections of targets meetinga prescribed condition. For example, the prescribed condition may be theentered user selections correctly matching a password or an indicationfrom another system that the entered user selections were acceptable.

Examples of the operations illustrated in the flow charts shown in FIGS.43-49 are described in connection with FIGS. 1A-42, 50, and 51, andexample arrangements and operations of system elements shown in FIGS. 3,24, 30, and 31 are described in connection with FIGS. 1A-51. It isunderstood that the specific orders or hierarchies of elements and/oroperations disclosed in FIGS. 3, 24, 30, 31, and 43-49 are exampleapproaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that thespecific orders or hierarchies of elements and/or operations in FIGS. 3,24, 30, 31, and 43-49 can be rearranged while remaining within the scopeof the present disclosure. FIGS. 3, 24, 30, 31, and 43-49 presentelements of the various operations in sample orders, and are not meantto be limited to the specific orders or hierarchies presented. Also, theaccompanying claims present various elements and/or various elements ofoperations in sample orders, and are not meant to be limited to thespecific elements, orders, or hierarchies presented.

The detailed examples of systems, devices, and techniques described inconnection with FIGS. 1-49 are presented herein for illustration of thedisclosure and its benefits. Such examples of use should not beconstrued to be limitations on the logical process embodiments of thedisclosure, nor should variations of user interface methods from thosedescribed herein be considered outside the scope of the presentdisclosure. It is understood that references to displaying or presentingan item (such as, but not limited to, presenting an image on a displaydevice, presenting audio via one or more loudspeakers, and/or vibratinga device) include issuing instructions, commands, and/or signalscausing, or reasonably expected to cause, a device or system to displayor present the item. In some embodiments, various features described inFIGS. 1-49 are implemented in respective modules, which may also bereferred to as, and/or include, logic, components, units, and/ormechanisms. Modules may constitute either software modules (for example,code embodied on a machine-readable medium) or hardware modules.

In some examples, a hardware module may be implemented mechanically,electronically, or with any suitable combination thereof. For example, ahardware module may include dedicated circuitry or logic that isconfigured to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware modulemay include a special-purpose processor, such as a field-programmablegate array (FPGA) or an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC).A hardware module may also include programmable logic or circuitry thatis temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations, andmay include a portion of machine-readable medium data and/orinstructions for such configuration. For example, a hardware module mayinclude software encompassed within a programmable processor configuredto execute a set of software instructions. It will be appreciated thatthe decision to implement a hardware module mechanically, in dedicatedand permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configuredcircuitry (for example, configured by software) may be driven by cost,time, support, and engineering considerations.

Accordingly, the phrase “hardware module” should be understood toencompass a tangible entity capable of performing certain operations andmay be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner, be that anentity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (forexample, hardwired), and/or temporarily configured (for example,programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certainoperations described herein. As used herein, “hardware-implementedmodule” refers to a hardware module. Considering examples in whichhardware modules are temporarily configured (for example, programmed),each of the hardware modules need not be configured or instantiated atany one instance in time. For example, where a hardware module includesa programmable processor configured by software to become aspecial-purpose processor, the programmable processor may be configuredas respectively different special-purpose processors (for example,including different hardware modules) at different times. Software mayaccordingly configure a particular processor or processors, for example,to constitute a particular hardware module at one instance of time andto constitute a different hardware module at a different instance oftime. A hardware module implemented using one or more processors may bereferred to as being “processor implemented” or “computer implemented.”

Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive informationfrom, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardwaremodules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiplehardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications may be achievedthrough signal transmission (for example, over appropriate circuits andbuses) between or among two or more of the hardware modules. Inembodiments in which multiple hardware modules are configured orinstantiated at different times, communications between such hardwaremodules may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrievalof information in memory devices to which the multiple hardware moduleshave access. For example, one hardware module may perform an operationand store the output in a memory device, and another hardware module maythen access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output.

In some examples, at least some of the operations of a method may beperformed by one or more processors or processor-implemented modules.Moreover, the one or more processors may also operate to supportperformance of the relevant operations in a “cloud computing”environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, atleast some of the operations may be performed by, and/or among, multiplecomputers (as examples of machines including processors), with theseoperations being accessible via a network (for example, the Internet)and/or via one or more software interfaces (for example, an applicationprogram interface (API)). The performance of certain of the operationsmay be distributed among the processors, not only residing within asingle machine, but deployed across a number of machines. Processors orprocessor-implemented modules may be located in a single geographiclocation (for example, within a home or office environment, or a serverfarm), or may be distributed across multiple geographic locations.

FIG. 50 is a block diagram 5000 illustrating an example softwarearchitecture 5002, various portions of which may be used in conjunctionwith various hardware architectures herein described, which mayimplement any of the above-described features. FIG. 50 is a non-limitingexample of a software architecture and it will be appreciated that manyother architectures may be implemented to facilitate the functionalitydescribed herein. The software architecture 5002 may execute on hardwaresuch as a machine 5100 of FIG. 51 that includes, among other things,processors 5110, memory 5130, and input/output (I/O) components 5150. Arepresentative hardware layer 5004 is illustrated and can represent, forexample, the machine 5100 of FIG. 51. The representative hardware layer5004 includes a processing unit 5006 and associated executableinstructions 5008. The executable instructions 5008 represent executableinstructions of the software architecture 5002, including implementationof the methods, modules and so forth described herein. The hardwarelayer 5004 also includes a memory/storage 5010, which also includes theexecutable instructions 5008 and accompanying data. The hardware layer5004 may also include other hardware modules 5012. Instructions 5008held by processing unit 5008 may be portions of instructions 5008 heldby the memory/storage 5010.

The example software architecture 5002 may be conceptualized as layers,each providing various functionality. For example, the softwarearchitecture 5002 may include layers and components such as an operatingsystem (OS) 5014, libraries 5016, frameworks 5018, applications 5020,and a presentation layer 5050. Operationally, the applications 5020and/or other components within the layers may invoke API calls 5024 toother layers and receive corresponding results 5026. The layersillustrated are representative in nature and other softwarearchitectures may include additional or different layers. For example,some mobile or special purpose operating systems may not provide theframeworks/middleware 5018.

The OS 5014 may manage hardware resources and provide common services.The OS 5014 may include, for example, a kernel 5028, services 5030, anddrivers 5032. The kernel 5028 may act as an abstraction layer betweenthe hardware layer 5004 and other software layers. For example, thekernel 5028 may be responsible for memory management, processormanagement (for example, scheduling), component management, networking,security settings, and so on. The services 5030 may provide other commonservices for the other software layers. The drivers 5032 may beresponsible for controlling or interfacing with the underlying hardwarelayer 5004. For instance, the drivers 5032 may include display drivers,camera drivers, memory/storage drivers, peripheral device drivers (forexample, via Universal Serial Bus (USB)), network and/or wirelesscommunication drivers, audio drivers, and so forth depending on thehardware and/or software configuration.

The libraries 5016 may provide a common infrastructure that may be usedby the applications 5020 and/or other components and/or layers. Thelibraries 5016 typically provide functionality for use by other softwaremodules to perform tasks, rather than rather than interacting directlywith the OS 5014. The libraries 5016 may include system libraries 5034(for example, C standard library) that may provide functions such asmemory allocation, string manipulation, file operations. In addition,the libraries 5016 may include API libraries 5036 such as medialibraries (for example, supporting presentation and manipulation ofimage, sound, and/or video data formats), graphics libraries (forexample, an OpenGL library for rendering 2D and 3D graphics on adisplay), database libraries (for example, SQLite or other relationaldatabase functions), and web libraries (for example, WebKit that mayprovide web browsing functionality). The libraries 5016 may also includea wide variety of other libraries 5038 to provide many functions forapplications 5020 and other software modules.

The frameworks 5018 (also sometimes referred to as middleware) provide ahigher-level common infrastructure that may be used by the applications5020 and/or other software modules. For example, the frameworks 5018 mayprovide various graphic user interface (GUI) functions, high-levelresource management, or high-level location services. The frameworks5018 may provide a broad spectrum of other APIs for applications 5020and/or other software modules.

The applications 5020 include built-in applications 5040 and/orthird-party applications 5042. Examples of built-in applications 5040may include, but are not limited to, a contacts application, a browserapplication, a location application, a media application, a messagingapplication, and/or a game application. Third-party applications 5042may include any applications developed by an entity other than thevendor of the particular platform. The applications 5020 may usefunctions available via OS 5014, libraries 5016, frameworks 5018, andpresentation layer 5050 to create user interfaces to interact withusers.

Some software architectures use virtual machines, as illustrated by avirtual machine 5048. The virtual machine 5048 provides an executionenvironment where applications/modules can execute as if they wereexecuting on a hardware machine (such as the machine 5100 of FIG. 51,for example). The virtual machine 5048 may be hosted by a host OS (forexample, OS 5014) or hypervisor, and may have a virtual machine monitor5046 which manages operation of the virtual machine 5048 andinteroperation with the host operating system. A software architecture,which may be different from software architecture 5002 outside of thevirtual machine, executes within the virtual machine 5048 such as an OS5050, libraries 5052, frameworks 5054, applications 5056, and/or apresentation layer 5058.

FIG. 51 is a block diagram illustrating components of an example machine5100 configured to read instructions from a machine-readable medium (forexample, a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any of thefeatures described herein. The example machine 5100 is in a form of acomputer system, within which instructions 5116 (for example, in theform of software components) for causing the machine 5100 to perform anyof the features described herein may be executed. As such, theinstructions 5116 may be used to implement modules or componentsdescribed herein. The instructions 5116 cause unprogrammed and/orunconfigured machine 5100 to operate as a particular machine configuredto carry out the described features. The machine 5100 may be configuredto operate as a standalone device or may be coupled (for example,networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine5100 may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machinein a server-client network environment, or as a node in a peer-to-peeror distributed network environment. Machine 5100 may be embodied as, forexample, a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC),a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), agaming and/or entertainment system, a smart phone, a mobile device, awearable device (for example, a smart watch), and an Internet of Things(IoT) device. Further, although only a single machine 5100 isillustrated, the term “machine” include a collection of machines thatindividually or jointly execute the instructions 5116.

The machine 5100 may include processors 5110, memory 5130, and I/Ocomponents 5150, which may be communicatively coupled via, for example,a bus 5102. The bus 5102 may include multiple buses coupling variouselements of machine 5100 via various bus technologies and protocols. Inan example, the processors 5110 (including, for example, a centralprocessing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digitalsignal processor (DSP), an ASIC, or a suitable combination thereof) mayinclude one or more processors 5112 a to 5112 n that may execute theinstructions 5116 and process data. In some examples, one or moreprocessors 5110 may execute instructions provided or identified by oneor more other processors 5110. The term “processor” includes amulti-core processor including cores that may execute instructionscontemporaneously. Although FIG. 51 shows multiple processors, themachine 5100 may include a single processor with a single core, a singleprocessor with multiple cores (for example, a multi-core processor),multiple processors each with a single core, multiple processors eachwith multiple cores, or any combination thereof. In some examples, themachine 5100 may include multiple processors distributed among multiplemachines.

The memory/storage 5130 may include a main memory 5132, a static memory5134, or other memory, and a storage unit 5136, both accessible to theprocessors 5110 such as via the bus 5102. The storage unit 5136 andmemory 5132, 5134 store instructions 5116 embodying any one or more ofthe functions described herein. The memory/storage 5130 may also storetemporary, intermediate, and/or long-term data for processors 5110. Theinstructions 5116 may also reside, completely or partially, within thememory 5132, 5134, within the storage unit 5136, within at least one ofthe processors 5110 (for example, within a command buffer or cachememory), within memory at least one of I/O components 5150, or anysuitable combination thereof, during execution thereof. Accordingly, thememory 5132, 5134, the storage unit 5136, memory in processors 5110, andmemory in I/O components 5150 are examples of machine-readable media.

As used herein, “machine-readable medium” refers to a device able totemporarily or permanently store instructions and data that causemachine 5100 to operate in a specific fashion, and may include, but isnot limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM),buffer memory, flash memory, optical storage media, magnetic storagemedia and devices, cache memory, network-accessible or cloud storage,other types of storage and/or any suitable combination thereof. The term“machine-readable medium” applies to a single medium, or combination ofmultiple media, used to store instructions (for example, instructions5116) for execution by a machine 5100 such that the instructions, whenexecuted by one or more processors 5110 of the machine 5100, cause themachine 5100 to perform and one or more of the features describedherein. Accordingly, a “machine-readable medium” may refer to a singlestorage device, as well as “cloud-based” storage systems or storagenetworks that include multiple storage apparatus or devices. The term“machine-readable medium” excludes signals per se.

The I/O components 5150 may include a wide variety of hardwarecomponents adapted to receive input, provide output, produce output,transmit information, exchange information, capture measurements, and soon. The specific I/O components 5150 included in a particular machinewill depend on the type and/or function of the machine. For example,mobile devices such as mobile phones may include a touch input device,whereas a headless server or IoT device may not include such a touchinput device. The particular examples of I/O components illustrated inFIG. 51 are in no way limiting, and other types of components may beincluded in machine 5100. The grouping of I/O components 5150 are merelyfor simplifying this discussion, and the grouping is in no way limiting.In various examples, the I/O components 5150 may include user outputcomponents 5152 and user input components 5154. User output components5152 may include, for example, display components for displayinginformation (for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD) or aprojector), acoustic components (for example, speakers), hapticcomponents (for example, a vibratory motor or force-feedback device),and/or other signal generators. User input components 5154 may include,for example, alphanumeric input components (for example, a keyboard or atouch screen), pointing components (for example, a mouse device, atouchpad, or another pointing instrument), and/or tactile inputcomponents (for example, a physical button or a touch screen thatprovides location and/or force of touches or touch gestures) configuredfor receiving various user inputs, such as user commands and/orselections.

In some examples, the I/O components 5150 may include biometriccomponents 5156, motion components 5158, environmental components 5160,and/or position components 5162, among a wide array of other physicalsensor components. The biometric components 5156 may include, forexample, components to detect body expressions (for example, facialexpressions, vocal expressions, hand or body gestures, or eye tracking),measure biosignals (for example, heart rate or brain waves), andidentify a person (for example, via voice-, retina-, fingerprint-,and/or facial-based identification). The motion components 5158 mayinclude, for example, acceleration sensors (for example, anaccelerometer) and rotation sensors (for example, a gyroscope). Theenvironmental components 5160 may include, for example, illuminationsensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors (forexample, a barometer), acoustic sensors (for example, a microphone usedto detect ambient noise), proximity sensors (for example, infraredsensing of nearby objects), and/or other components that may provideindications, measurements, or signals corresponding to a surroundingphysical environment. The position components 5162 may include, forexample, location sensors (for example, a Global Position System (GPS)receiver), altitude sensors (for example, an air pressure sensor fromwhich altitude may be derived), and/or orientation sensors (for example,magnetometers).

The I/O components 5150 may include communication components 5164,implementing a wide variety of technologies operable to couple themachine 5100 to network(s) 5170 and/or device(s) 5180 via respectivecommunicative couplings 5172 and 5182. The communication components 5164may include one or more network interface components or other suitabledevices to interface with the network(s) 5170. The communicationcomponents 5164 may include, for example, components adapted to providewired communication, wireless communication, cellular communication,Near Field Communication (NFC), Bluetooth communication, Wi-Fi, and/orcommunication via other modalities. The device(s) 5180 may include othermachines or various peripheral devices (for example, coupled via USB).

In some examples, the communication components 5164 may detectidentifiers or include components adapted to detect identifiers. Forexample, the communication components 5164 may include Radio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) tag readers, NFC detectors, optical sensors (forexample, one- or multi-dimensional bar codes, or other optical codes),and/or acoustic detectors (for example, microphones to identify taggedaudio signals). In some examples, location information may be determinedbased on information from the communication components 5162, such as,but not limited to, geo-location via Internet Protocol (IP) address,location via Wi-Fi, cellular, NFC, Bluetooth, or other wireless stationidentification and/or signal triangulation.

The disclosed implementations can incorporate any of the features,components, methods, systems, software, and other aspects described inU.S. Patent Application Publication Numbers 2019/0068585 (entitled“LOCAL CLAIM-BASED SECURITY SERVICE WITH CROSS-BROWSER COMPATIBILITY”and published on Feb. 28, 2019), 2018/0288026 (entitled “PASSWORD STATEMACHINE FOR ACCESSING PROTECTED RESOURCES” and published on Oct. 4,2018), 2018/0225433 (entitled “Multi-Factor User AuthenticationFramework Using Asymmetric Key” and published on Aug. 9, 2018),2018/0101850 (entitled “USER AND DEVICE AUTHENTICATION FOR WEBAPPLICATIONS” and published on Apr. 12, 2018), 2018/0084422 (entitled“SIMPLIFIED LOGIN FOR A COMPUTING SYSTEM” and published on Mar. 22,2018), 2017/0302648 (entitled “Web Service Picture Passwords” andpublished on Oct. 19, 2017), 2017/0300675 (entitled “LOGIN INTERFACESELECTION FOR COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT USER LOGIN” and published on Oct.19, 2017), 2016/0034179 (entitled “DUAL DIRECTIONAL CONTROL FOR TEXTENTRY” and published on Feb. 4, 2016), 2015/0326560 (entitled“REGISTRATION AND NETWORK ACCESS CONTROL” and published on Nov. 12,2015), 2014/0245205 (entitled “KEYBOARD NAVIGATION OF USER INTERFACE”and published on Aug. 28, 2014), and 2012/0293439 (entitled “MONITORINGPOINTER TRAJECTORY AND MODIFYING DISPLAY INTERFACE” and published onNov. 22, 2012), each of which are incorporated by reference herein intheir entireties.

While various embodiments have been described, the description isintended to be exemplary, rather than limiting, and it is understoodthat many more embodiments and implementations are possible that arewithin the scope of the embodiments. Although many possible combinationsof features are shown in the accompanying figures and discussed in thisdetailed description, many other combinations of the disclosed featuresare possible. Any feature of any embodiment may be used in combinationwith or substituted for any other feature or element in any otherembodiment unless specifically restricted. Therefore, it will beunderstood that any of the features shown and/or discussed in thepresent disclosure may be implemented together in any suitablecombination. Accordingly, the embodiments are not to be restrictedexcept in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. Also,various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of theattached claims.

While the foregoing has described what are considered to be the bestmode and/or other examples, it is understood that various modificationsmay be made therein and that the subject matter disclosed herein may beimplemented in various forms and examples, and that the teachings may beapplied in numerous applications, only some of which have been describedherein. It is intended by the following claims to claim any and allapplications, modifications and variations that fall within the truescope of the present teachings.

Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions,magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in thisspecification, including in the claims that follow, are approximate, notexact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistentwith the functions to which they relate and with what is customary inthe art to which they pertain.

The scope of protection is limited solely by the claims that now follow.That scope is intended and should be interpreted to be as broad as isconsistent with the ordinary meaning of the language that is used in theclaims when interpreted in light of this specification and theprosecution history that follows and to encompass all structural andfunctional equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intendedto embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirement ofSections 101, 102, or 103 of the Patent Act, nor should they beinterpreted in such a way. Any unintended embracement of such subjectmatter is hereby disclaimed.

Except as stated immediately above, nothing that has been stated orillustrated is intended or should be interpreted to cause a dedicationof any component, step, feature, object, benefit, advantage, orequivalent to the public, regardless of whether it is or is not recitedin the claims.

It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein havethe ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions withrespect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and studyexcept where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein.Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be usedsolely to distinguish one entity or action from another withoutnecessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or orderbetween such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,”or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusiveinclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus thatcomprises a list of elements does not include only those elements butmay include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to suchprocess, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “a” or“an” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence ofadditional identical elements in the process, method, article, orapparatus that comprises the element.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader toquickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It issubmitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpretor limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in theforegoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features aregrouped together in various examples for the purpose of streamlining thedisclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted asreflecting an intention that the claims require more features than areexpressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claimsreflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of asingle disclosed example. Thus, the following claims are herebyincorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing onits own as a separately claimed subject matter.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising a processor andmachine-readable media including instructions which, when executed bythe processor, cause the processor to: concurrently display a firstplurality of targets including a first target and a second target; movea first visual indication of the current user target to the first targetat a first time to reflect a change of the current user target to thefirst target in response to a first input event for navigation of acurrent user target; actuate the current user target at a second timeafter the first time in response to a second input event for actuationof the current user target; present to a user, at approximately thesecond time, a discriminatory signal used to confirm actuation of atarget, wherein the discriminatory signal includes one of a hapticsignal generated by a device in physical contact with the user, an audiosignal, and a modified image; and move the first visual indication tothe second target at a third time after the second time to reflect achange of the current user target to the second target in response to athird user input for navigation of a current user target.
 2. The systemof claim 1, wherein the instructions further cause the processor topresent the first plurality of targets as virtual keys for enteringcorresponding characters.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein theinstructions further cause the processor to present the discriminatorysignal at least in part by causing the device to generate the hapticsignal.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further causethe processor to present the discriminatory signal at least in part bypresenting the audio signal.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein theinstructions further cause the processor to: record an ambient audiosignal; generate a first channel portion of the audio signal based onthe recorded ambient audio signal, in which a first phase change isapplied; and generate a second channel portion of the audio signal basedon the recorded ambient audio signal, in which a different second phasechange is applied, wherein the presenting the audio signal includespresenting the first channel portion of the audio signal and the secondchannel portion of the audio signal.
 6. The system of claim 1, whereinthe instructions further cause the processor to: generate the modifiedimage by making a patterned change in pixel colors for pixels associatedwith the current target; and present the discriminatory signal at leastin part by displaying the modified image.
 7. The system of claim 1,wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: move the firstvisual indication to a third target at a fourth time after the firsttime and before the second time to reflect a change of the current usertarget to the third target in response to a fourth user input fornavigation of a current user target; move a second visual indication ofa first distractor target to a fourth target at a fifth time at or afterthe first time, and move the second visual indication to a fifth targetat a sixth time after the fifth time and before the second time, whereinthe first plurality of targets includes the third target, the fourthtarget, and the fifth target.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein theinstructions further cause the processor to cause, from the first timeto the fourth time, the second visual indication to move through thefirst plurality of targets in a manner that is different from the firstvisual indication moving through the first plurality of targets.
 9. Asystem adapted to obfuscate a user target actuation, the systemcomprising: means for concurrently displaying a first plurality oftargets including a first target and a second target; means for moving afirst visual indication of the current user target to the first targetat a first time to reflect a change of the current user target to thefirst target in response to a first input event for navigation of acurrent user target; means for actuating the current user target at asecond time after the first time in response to a second input event foractuation of the current user target; means for presenting to a user, atapproximately the second time, a discriminatory signal used to confirmactuation of a target, wherein the discriminatory signal includes one ofa haptic signal generated by a device in physical contact with the user,an audio signal, and a modified image; and means for moving the firstvisual indication to the second target at a third time after the secondtime to reflect a change of the current user target to the second targetin response to a third user input for navigation of a current usertarget.
 10. A method of obfuscating a user target actuation, the methodcomprising: concurrently displaying a first plurality of targetsincluding a first target and a second target; moving a first visualindication of the current user target to the first target at a firsttime to reflect a change of the current user target to the first targetin response to a first input event for navigation of a current usertarget; actuating the current user target at a second time after thefirst time in response to a second input event for actuation of thecurrent user target; presenting to a user, at approximately the secondtime, a discriminatory signal used to confirm actuation of a target,wherein the discriminatory signal includes one of a haptic signalgenerated by a device in physical contact with the user, an audiosignal, and a modified image; and moving the first visual indication tothe second target at a third time after the second time to reflect achange of the current user target to the second target in response to athird user input for navigation of a current user target.
 11. The methodof claim 10, wherein the first plurality of targets are presented asvirtual keys for entering corresponding characters.
 12. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the presenting the discriminatory signal includescausing the device to generate the haptic signal.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, further comprising presenting a discriminatory signal via acompanion device identified for the user.
 14. The method of claim 10,wherein the presenting the discriminatory signal includes presenting theaudio signal.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: recordingan ambient audio signal; generating a first channel portion of the audiosignal based on the recorded ambient audio signal, in which a firstphase change is applied; and generating a second channel portion of theaudio signal based on the recorded ambient audio signal, in which adifferent second phase change is applied, wherein the presenting theaudio signal includes presenting the first channel portion of the audiosignal and the second channel portion of the audio signal.
 16. Themethod of claim 10, further comprising generating the modified image bymaking a patterned change in pixel colors for pixels associated with thecurrent target, wherein the presenting the discriminatory signalincludes displaying the modified image.
 17. The method of claim 16,wherein the making a patterned change in pixel colors includes:selecting a first plurality of pixels associated with the currenttarget; performing a first modification to pixel colors of the firstplurality of pixels; selecting a second plurality of pixels associatedwith the current target; and performing a second modification to pixelcolors of the second plurality of pixels, wherein the secondmodification offsets the first modification.
 18. The method of claim 10,wherein: the first plurality of targets includes a third target, afourth target, and a fifth target; and the method further comprises:moving the first visual indication to the third target at a fourth timeafter the first time and before the second time to reflect a change ofthe current user target to the third target in response to a fourth userinput for navigation of a current user target; moving a second visualindication of a first distractor target to the fourth target at a fifthtime at or after the first time, and moving the second visual indicationto the fifth target at a sixth time after the fifth time and before thesecond time.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: causing,from the first time to the fourth time, the second visual indication tomove through the first plurality of targets in a manner that isdifferent from the first visual indication moving through the firstplurality of targets.
 20. One or more machine-readable media storinginstructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause theprocessors to perform the method of claim 10.